The Nuremberg Trials Essay example - 1253 Words

The Nuremberg Trials On June 22, 1945 representatives from France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States started to plan the prosecution of the main Axis war criminals. These representatives had to establish a fair way of trying the criminals because the world had never seen a situation like the one at hand. The result of the meeting was the International Military Tribunal. The Tribunal’s constitution set forth the principles the defendants were subject to. The panel of Allied representatives decided to hold the trial in Nuremberg. Nuremberg was chosen because the city served as the center of Nazi activities and offered nice facilities (Keeshan 3). Lawyers from the Allied powers submitted an indictment to the†¦show more content†¦The actions the German soldiers performed on the Jews were incomprehensible. The Nazis used the legal system of Germany to oppress the Jews currently living in Germany. Through the legal system the Nazis stole Jewish property a nd took away the Jews civil rights. Jews would be round up and taken to concentration camps where most would eventually perish. At the height of the Holocaust Jews were being mass murdered by injection or means of gas (Rosenbaum 13). Historians believe that there are thousands of war criminals that avoided arrest from the prosecutors. It is thought that over seven thousand criminals took refuge in Argentina to avoid being charged with war crimes (Rosenbaum 81). Many of these fugitives could actually be alive today. However, the twenty-four defendants the prosecution did indict were some of the worst villains of the war. Almost all of the defendants were Nazi Party members and others belonged to organizations such as the Reichstag, the Council of Ministers, and the Secret Cabinet Council (Keeshan 67). Even though the prosecution was only able to indict twenty-four defendants, the effects of the Nuremberg Trials were monumental. The Tribunal hoped to punish the main men responsible for all of the atrocities. The Allied Powers felt that trials had to be set up because if the criminals were simply charged without trial then itShow MoreRelatedThe Trials Of The Nuremberg Trials1345 Words   |  6 Pagesis it possible that the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, which were held by the Allied Powers after World War II, did not execute this man? The Nuremberg Trials were a series of thirteen trials held between 1945 and 1949 to prosecute some Nazi war criminals. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, because its courthouse was not damaged from the war. The four Allied Powers held the hearings, and the best-known trial was the Trial of Major War Criminals (â€Å"Nuremberg Trials†). The fact of the matterRead MoreThe Wartime Of The Nuremberg Trials4114 Words   |  17 PagesWhereas some 5,000 Nazi’s were charged with war crimes, the Nuremberg trials were designed specifically to prosecute high r anking Nazi officials with whom the authority for the commission of heinous atrocities rested. The Nuremberg Trials would therefore be marked in history as one of its kind. Prior to its formation, war crimes were limited to the military courts of the individual countries and for the very first time the Nuremberg Trials would mark the inception of the concept of collective guiltRead MoreEssay on The Nuremberg Trials2224 Words   |  9 PagesThe Nuremberg Trials More than half a century has passed since the end of World War Two and to this day it is still difficult to fully understand the severity of what was by far the most destructive war in human history. More than sixty million people were killed during World War Two and more than half of those were innocent town’s people. Among the dead were over six million Jews, which was two thirds of the total living race in Europe at the time. Beyond these general statistics were thousandsRead MoreThe Nuremberg Trials Rewritten Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesin their shoes? No one understands what truly goes on in someone else’s mind. For that reason alone judging one another is wrong. â€Å"The year world war II finally ended, a courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany, became the scene of what would be called the greatest trials of the world† (www.pbs.org)†. When the Nuremberg trials began Nazi’s were judged on what role they played during Hitler’s reign. Though, instead of the German and Jewish citizens judging the Nazi’s it was the Americans. The major discussionRead MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg1630 Words   |  7 PagesPaper - Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946 is the preeminent case recognizing the importance of medical ethics and human rights specifically about human research subjects. The defendants in the trials include Nazi leadership, physicians, and investigators prosecuted for conducting unethical and inhumane medical experiments on civilians and prisoners of war resulting in extreme pain, suffering, permanent injury and often death. The Nuremberg Code, borne of these trials, establishesRead MoreThe Nuremberg Trials1601 Words   |  7 PagesNuremberg Trials Andrew Dangler University of Phoenix Abstract: A brief look at the Nuremberg Trials and some of the people involved. It steps upon the problems leading to the start of the trials including three of the doctors, three of the experiments performed on prisoners, and the judgment of three people involved with carrying out the vulgar experiments. Also included are three people who decided to commit suicide instead of facing certain death after going before a jury. The three peopleRead MoreNuremberg Trials2619 Words   |  11 Pagesindicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Of the twenty-four twenty-one were taken into custody and put on trial; these were known as the Nuremberg Trials. These trials started on November 20th 1945 and were the first ever war crime tribunal. The Trials were held by the Allied forces of World War II and were held in the city of Nuremberg in Bavaria Germany out of the Palace of Justice. Accusations placed against them were for their involvement in the Nazi Party during WorldRea d MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg Trials984 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice. The first international trial, the Nuremberg Trials brought many of these nazi war criminals to justice. The Nuremberg Trials were separate trials to bring Nazis to justice. It involved many people, not just the nazis. The trials had a positive outcome, however some may find it surprising. Indeed, the Nuremberg Trials will be remembered as the first international trials, bringing criminals to justice. To begin with, the Nuremberg Trials are the first trial to deal with crimes against humanityRead MoreThe Importance Of The Nuremberg Trials955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nuremberg Trials: A Step Towards International Law Starting in 1945, a series of trials occurred that helped the international court system form and develop into what is is today. These set of trials were called the Nuremberg Trials. Whereas some described the Nuremberg Trials as a â€Å"sanctimonious fraud† and a â€Å"high-grade lynching party, the international military tribunal at nuremberg was an event of world-historical importance because it was the first successful international criminal courtRead MoreThe Nuremberg Of Trial ( 1946 )1127 Words   |  5 Pages1. The Nuremberg Doctors Trial (1946) Brief Summary: The Nuremberg Doctor’s trial of 1946 involves human experimentation performed by the Nazi doctors. These physicians were accused of conducting torturous â€Å"experiments† with concentration camp inmates. During these studies, physicians conducted treatments that were not permitted and caused severe injuries to the participants, and in some cases, participants died as a result of this. Prisoners were left to freeze to study more on hypothermia. Later

Planning a Scheme of Work Free Essays

Planning Scheme of Work – Literacy Level 2 The produced scheme of work is aimed at 16 to 18 year old learners who are enrolled on the â€Å"Entry to Employment† (â€Å"E2E†) programme. The programme is intended for unemployed young adults to assist them in improving their prospects of employment with training or of entering higher education. The programme is designed to include personal and social skills, vocational skills and Basic and Key Skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning a Scheme of Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this context, much learning is intended to embed Basic and Key Skills into other areas of learning and vice-versa Session Content Sessions are based on the Skills for Life Teacher Resource Pack issued by the DfES, which is produced to support National Standards for Adult Literacy. These resources are designed to be based on real life situations, aimed at adults and to cover the Adult Literacy Core Curriculum. Six modules have been used, one at level one and five at level two. I have divided each module over two sessions each lasting for two hours of classroom time. Opportunities to complete tasks beyond the scope of the session are available as all learners have free study periods, which are supported by tutors. Extension activities using spelling and grammar exercises have been included and would also be completed in free study time. I have decided on the sequence of topics based on Reece Walker (2003, p239) suggesting that easiest topics could be tackled first, so starting the programme with level 1 activities. I have also taken sessions directly relevant to E2E learners, i. e. job search, and used these for the first few sessions as I have observed this type of learner questioning the relevance of various activities they are asked to undertake on the wider E2E programme. Teaching and Learning Methods Sessions are started with a directed section, explaining objectives to the learners, using visual aids (interactive whiteboard and data projector) and or audio clips to demonstrate the learning point of the session and stimulate interest in the topic. This part of the session lasts about 10 to 15 minutes and is followed by an opportunity for learners to work on their own, in small groups or more usually in pairs, using printed or on-line resources, for around 40 to 50 minutes. During this time learners are supported by the tutor. After this a break is taken and the above process is repeated after break, focusing on the next part of the session, again starting with visual aids, usually in the form of a data projector. The final 10 minutes are used to re-iterate points made and check understanding through questioning. The scheme of work relies on the use of visual and audio stimuli in conjunction with individual learning as many learners on the E2E programme have had poor experiences of conventional classroom technique. A. T. Graham (1999, P. 26) Says: It is interesting to note the following figures for what we remember (learn? ) from our various senses: Sight 75% Hearing 13% Feeling 6% Smell 3% Taste 3% Feedback from learners of these methods is almost unanimously positive, especially towards the use of technology and visual aids. Assessment Methods At the end of each session, learners are encouraged to complete the module checklist and detail areas that they feel confident with or need more practice with. Each session incorporates tasks to be completed during the session and completion of the tasks is supported and observed by the tutor. This presents the opportunity to continually assess each student’s progress as well as assist any student encountering difficulty. Although not part of the scheme of work, students sit diagnostic assessments at the start of the programme and further diagnostics as well as practice tests later in the programme. Usually a second diagnostic at six weeks followed by mock tests at 10 and 12 weeks. Self Evaluation A self-evaluation form has been included for completion at the end of each session. The form examines the effectiveness of tutor and learner activities, resources and where relevant, achievement. The largest space is reserved for learner feedback as learners are asked for feedback after each session and asked to complete feedback forms on a regular basis. These, together with improvements in diagnostic and mock test scores form the basis of evaluation for this programme. Learning Theory Motivation A key element of the scheme is that it encourages independent learning. Within each structured session there are opportunities for the learners to work on their own or in pairs with support from a tutor. During this time learners are not simply given worksheets and expected to complete them, each learner has access to their own resources which they follow at their own pace and work through with discussion between groups of learners and the tutor. So, for example, during a session on newspaper articles, after a class discussion of two examples of newspaper articles students would be asked to find their own examples on the Internet, examine the differences between articles themselves and discuss their findings with the tutor one to one or in a small group. In this way learners take control of their own learning and experience the satisfaction of knowing that they are not simply filling in blanks. Learners on the E2E programme then have equal time in non-structured sessions to carry on with any unfinished work, carry out their own research and complete any extension activities. Geoffrey Petty (2001, P. 306) States that: There is a consensus amongst management theorists that giving employees control over how they work greatly increases their sense of responsibility, motivation and effectiveness. Unsurprisingly, giving students control over their own learning empowers them in the same way. Independence is not an arbitrary foundation for a teaching method: it resonates with a deep human need – the need for freedom; the need to be in control. This is a need felt most strongly by adolescents†¦ 16 to 18 year old learners, many of whom have achieved little or nothing at school respond well to being given control of their own learning. Resources The E2E programme benefits from being well resourced, especially with technology. This has an impact on the engagement of learners, most 16 to 18 year olds being unimpressed with anything less than cutting edge technology. Every learner has access to a broadband enabled, high specification computer on which to complete individual work, all resources are available across the network for printing and or editing by the learner, meaning that the learner is in control of his or her own version of the Skills for Life Resource Pack. So, for example, in lesson five, a resource page for searching the Internet would be projected to the whiteboard, we would be able to discuss the question â€Å"can you name any more search engines? † and the tutor would be able to note some examples on the screen for learners to see. Learners would then be able to look at their own version of this resource page, type in their answers and print off a hard copy for their file. They would then be able to access the Internet and continue with the activity. Equality of Opportunity As discussed, the scheme of work is based around the Skills for Life Teacher Resource Pack issued by the DfES, the introduction to which states that the materials are intended to be â€Å"broad-based† and â€Å"adult-appropriate†. Within the materials, names, voices and pictures of characters are ethnically diverse and represent both genders. It is however the job of the tutor to be sensitive to learners and I have replaced 2 articles on terror alerts in lesson nine after awkwardness during the session amongst Muslim students. Wheelchair access to the building and wireless laptop computers are available to students with disabilities. Two of the fixed computers in the classroom are configured for large fonts. Conclusion The Entry to Employment programme is aimed at a group of learners who have previously struggled in education and so challenge tutors to find new ways to engage them. Independent learning is encouraged by the Learning and Skills Council for E2E and more sources than that quoted support this method. The use of I. C. T. s also encouraged and this scheme of work relies heavily on it although a much less â€Å"high tech† version could be delivered if this was required. Although many learners are engaged by the technology, it cannot take the place of a tutor or teacher, merely add to the learning experience and a good understanding of the subject is impossible to replace. Bibliography A. T. Graham (1999) Planning for Teaching Learning, Resource Handbook Geoffrey Petty (2001) Teaching Today , Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd Reece Walker (2003) Teaching, Training and Learning ,Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Ltd. How to cite Planning a Scheme of Work, Essay examples

Hofstedes Five Dimensions free essay sample

Geert Hofstede was born in 1928 in the Netherlands. He had an interesting life pretty much filled with cultural shocks. Around his twentieth birthday, he decided to leave his native Netherlands and go to explore other places in the world. He went to do an internship as an assistant ship’s engineer in Indonesia; this was his first time out of the country and it proved to be his first cultural shock. Being immersed in a completely different culture, he was keen to observe and compare the cultural differences between the Netherlands and his new host country. Following his work experience in Indonesia, he followed his heart – a girl – to England, where he experienced his second cultural shock. This greatly influenced his career path, and led him to study cross-cultures. Later on in life, he became a renowned researcher in cross-cultural differences, and even created a model which could be applied to the various cultures, to help understand their behaviours. Hofstede’s â€Å"Five Cultural Dimensions† include Power Distance (which focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country’s society); Individualism (which focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships); Masculinity (which focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power); Uncertainty Avoidance (which focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society i. . unstructured situations); and last but not least, Long-Term Orientation (which focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace, long-term devotion to traditional, forward-thinking values). Although Geert Hofstede’s model was innovative, he was not the first cultural researcher to propose a model describing ways in which cultures can be analysed. Edward Twitchell Hall, Jr. (born in 1914 and died in 2009) was also an anthropologist – like Hofstede. He developed a concept that described the way people behave in â€Å"personal spaces† – called Proxemics. In the 1950s, E. T. Hall taught inter-cultural communications skills, wrote several books, and developed the concepts of high- and low- context cultures (saying what you mean, as opposed to adorning your sentences, and letting the setting explain the meaning of the statement). â€Å"He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study†. Although Geert Hofstede did not, per se, base himself on E. T. Hall’s model and books on cross-cultural differences, we see that both researchers are fascinated by the same thing: foreign culture analysis. Both were amazed at the cultural differences even within the same geographical zones; when Hofstede went to England, he was shocked by the behaviour of the people there compared to his native country, the Netherlands. After receiving his PhD, Hall continued to study and analyse countries ranging from Europe, through the Middle East, and Asia – never tiring of the richness in the differences of the cultures he encountered. G. Hofstede’s work is not an â€Å"extension† of Hall’s proxemics, but his dimensions brought Hall’s analyses a step further. Many critics say that Hofstede’s dimensions are superficial, that they are not applicable to all situations and contexts. However, in my view, they have the benefit of being well defined and can be used as a tool to further our understanding of what makes us different. This understanding is obviously an advantage, especially in the professional world, which crosses so many frontiers in today’s globalized context. It might seem simplistic to read too much into a greeting, a handshake, dress codes, etc. ut many a business relationship can be built or fail due to the lack of proper etiquette. Hofstede’s five dimensions aim to steer the uninitiated through the maze of cultural differences that can so easily trip up the inexperienced professional traveller. A manager from an Anglo-Saxon country where there is a low Power Distance Index, for example, needs to keep his â€Å"respectful† distance when dealing with companies in a country where there is a high Power Distance Index. If he is too familiar, he can be considered insulting. In Asian cultures, this is particularly noticeable. Similarly, in a society with a high degree of Masculinity, such as in the Middle East, Hofstede’s dimension tools are useful to define and better avoid the pitfalls of monochromic behaviour. Male domination can lead to an over ridged step-by-step approach, lacking in the colourful multi-tasking, more feminine way of achieving objectives. The same can be said for Individualism. In many cultures, such as southern European / Latin cultures, collectivism is much more pronounced than individualism. This also leads to a fundamentally different approach to getting things done, the former spreading the responsibilities throughout the group, the latter demonstrating individuals looking for personal rather than collective achievement (for example German citizens). Where Uncertainty Avoidance is concerned, according to Hofstede’s ranking, a Low Uncertainty Avoidance indicates that the culture in question is not concerned about ambiguity, and is tolerant of a large variety of opinions. This is the opposite of a society which, in order to reduce or rule out uncertainty, establishes a multitude of rules and regulations to control every situation. These societies are the â€Å"yes or no† cultures; they don’t accept â€Å"maybe†. Finally Hofstede’s fifth dimension, the Long-Term Orientation dimension, which he added to the first four five years afterwards, focussed on the Confucian dynamism scale. He found that negotiating with the Chinese as a race was frustrating, as their long-term vision hindered them from making rapid decisions within an urgent timeline. Many criticisms have been voiced about Hofstede’s â€Å"Five Cultural Dimensions†, many â€Å"irritated, condescending, or ridiculing reviews (e. g. Cooper, 1982; Roberts Boyacigiller, 1984)†. These comments were not the only, or the harshest, of the reviews Hofstede received – his most frequent and negative critique is Brendan McSweeney, PhD, and his most serious and noteworthy critique is Nigel Holden. Professor B. McSweeny criticises the fact that Hofstede’s work relies on fundamentally flawed assumptions. One of Hofstede’s assumptions for example is: â€Å"every micro-location is typical of the national†. This assumption is built on the hypothesis that there is a â€Å"uniform national culture†, based on findings gleaned from a group of people working at IBM. McSweeney puts this assumption in doubt, claiming that this does not reflect a proper representation of the supposed â€Å"national uniformity†. McSweeney pertains that Hofstede’s surveys cannot be used to measure culture, because they are unsuitable and fundamentally flawed. He says that we would need a â€Å"leap of faith† to believe that Hofstede actually identified the cultures he studied. Hofstede based his research on nations as units of analysis, which was not the most appropriate in McSweeney’s view. Nations in general do not regroup only the nationalities of the country itself, indeed there may be populations of many immigrant groups from all types of other countries also, and culture cannot be calculated in such a way. According to Gary Ferraro, â€Å"Culture is a code of attitudes, norms and values† which by definition, goes way beyond the simplistic dimensions described by Hofstede. Geert Hofstede worked for IBM when he first sent out the survey from which he gathered the information to construct his â€Å"five dimensions† model. Thus it was relatively easy and uncomplicated for him to collect the information: he had no fees to pay, no people to find, and he knew that he would receive answers from all of the employees (over 116,000 replies, from 66 national subsidiaries). Although IBM is an immense company, it should not have been presumed however that the information gathered was fully representative. Certainly not every culture was present and moreover, of the cultures represented, some had a much larger head count pool than others. In my view it is also an error to restrict the information source to employees of one company as, it takes a certain type of individual to work with a company such as IBM, and therefore the results cannot avoid a certain bias. Nigel Holden argues that Hofstede’s methods are similar to the chemical regrouping of the elements, classifying cultures in social â€Å"periodic tables†. Moreover, he suggests that things have changed over time, comportment and values in the workplace have evolved, politics have changed, and Hofstede’s dimensions are no longer valid. He says that a more correct approach must be â€Å"related to managerial activity in the new geo-economy with its emphasis on global networking, organizational learning and knowledge management†. Holden adds that he finds Hofstede’s dimensions â€Å"intellectually numbing†. Hofstede doesn’t take all this criticism lying down of course. In an interesting rebuttal in his book entitled â€Å"Culture’s consequences† (second edition) he argues, in the section â€Å"Support and Criticisms of the Approach Followed† that such a novel approach is bound to meet with strong resistance and scepticism. He claims to have made a paradigm shift in the studies of different cultures and how they interact thereby provoking an initial outcry from a host of experts in the field. In his self-defence, Hofstede also refers to Malcolm Chapman – a British anthropologist, and not, as he underlines, an accountant (! who said â€Å". . . Hofstede’s work became a dominant in? uence and set a fruitful agenda. There is perhaps no other contemporary framework in the general ? eld of â€Å"culture and business† that is so general, so broad, so alluring, and so inviting to argument and fruitful disagreement. . . .† A loyal admirer, Chapman, also points out that Hofstede is a genuine self-critic and argues that even if his work is based on potentially flawed methodology, Hofstede makes up for this through his experience and expertise. Chapman argues that Hofstede’s work is useful even if it has a high level of generalization. So, is Hofstede’s work pertinent, relevant and a useful tool to use in cross-cultural analyses? Certainly, if one is to take into consideration the superficiality and generalizations that result from the application of the five dimensions, then – Yes. Moreover Hofstetde’s work was quite ground breaking at the time and it deserves merit if even for its novelty. It must not be taken however for the absolute truth. As Professor Barry Gerhart (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Professor Meiyu Fang (National Central University, Taiwan) point out another problem with Hofstedes research is that the variance explained by cultural and national differences, shown by the results, is only from 2 to 4 percent. So 96 to 98 percent is due to something else! None the less, Hofstede’s body of work is certainly a good place to start for anyone curious to make a first step into the fascinating world of cross cultures!

Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self

The purpose of the research by Judge and Bono was to conduct a review of the literature which studies the correlation between self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism (emotional stability), on the one hand, and job performance and job satisfaction, on the other, and gather information in order to provide a quantitative evaluation of this correlation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study found that each of the four traits had a positive, nonzero relationship to both job performance and job satisfaction (Judge and Bono 81, 82). It is also interesting that the traits have a greater influence on job satisfaction than on job performance (Judge and Bono 83). The authors state that the estimated true score correlations of self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism to job performance were 0.26, 0.23, 0.22, and 0.19, respectively, whereas the correlations of these traits to job satisfaction equaled 0.26, 0.45, 0.32, and 0.24, respectively. One of the most interesting findings is that the self-esteem affects both job satisfaction and job performance virtually to an equal degree, whereas the other three traits affect job satisfaction more. It would appear that e.g. low neuroticism should have more influence on job performance that high self-esteem, for emotional stability seems to be more important to do one’s work properly, but we can see that it is slightly less influential in case of job satisfaction, and has even less effect on job performance. Works Cited Judge, Timothy A., and Joyce E. Bono. â€Å"Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits – Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability – With Job Satisfactio n and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis.† Journal of Applied Psychology 86.1 (2001): 80-92. Print. This case study on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Standardized Testing

Controversy involving education and national standardized testing has always sparked controversies. Does a simple test, which holds such a great deal of significance on a child’s future, sufficient enough? These tests are supposed to be a basis for what all students should know to continue their educations. Education has become a very important subject in political campaigns. With education among the electorate’s top priorities, the phrase â€Å"higher standards† has become ubiquitous in political campaigns across the country. (Gary Orfield). Many politicians have stressed that all children can learn at high levels, where many liberal and civil rights advocates are too concerned about lowering the standards for these tests. Unfortunately, this movement has all to frequently been reduced to a single policy: high stakes testing. (Orfield). These tests are responsible for grade promotion, jobs for graduate students, and even promotions for teachers. President Clinton recommended in his state of the Union address that all students are supplied with materials that help them with these tests. This caused some controversy because people believed that with these materials, it undermined teachers, discriminated against minorities, and affected the teacher student relationship. I agree that students should be able to receive manuals to increase their chances on these tests, but I also feel that if a student knows what is going to be on the test it can hinder his ability to truly learn in those areas. A type of test that has negative feedback is high-stakes tests. The implications of these arguments were serious enough to lead the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University to commission a series of studies on the educational and social impact of high-stakes testing. High-stakes tests attached to grade promotion and high school graduation lead to increased dropout rates. (Orfield). I think if too much emphasis is placed on specif... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Free Essays on Standardized Testing Standardized Testing: Are they Beneficial? Standardized testing is very common statewide for determining the students’ academic knowledge starting form K-12 grade. But what does these score tells us? Are they academically smart because they have high score? Or what if the student maintains good grades working hard in school but receive bad scores on these tests? There are many ambiguous answers to these questions. Standardized testing is bias based on minorities and financially separates the advantage student from higher-income families to score higher than lower income families. These testing also drive excellent teachers away from their profession. However, the question still remains: what does these results tell us how kids are learning? There is a great improvement of students with their scores but there is still a big barrier between minority student such as Latinos and blacks with white students. According to a journal in Student Test Scores, a Wider Gap, African-Americans score increased to 6 points in the SAT verbal and 7 points higher in math in the past 10 years. In comparison, white student’s score jumped 11 points for verbal and 18 points higher in math during the same time interval. This statistic shows that white high school seniors score much higher than any ethnic group than they did decades ago. This shows a large gap between the minorities. Part of the reason is due to cultural and language barrier that these students face. Referring to the journal Tests that Fail Democracy, minority students tend not to do as well â€Å"because they aren’t given the time they need to process information, write essays, and unravel foreign culture they are being asked to identify.† These con flicts lead the students to be discouraged to take these tests that lead a big rate of dropout for minorities. Texas has the rising â€Å"dropout rates especially among black and Hispanic students.† (Texas Law Limits Use of S... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Controversy involving education and national standardized testing has always sparked controversies. Does a simple test, which holds such a great deal of significance on a child’s future, sufficient enough? These tests are supposed to be a basis for what all students should know to continue their educations. Education has become a very important subject in political campaigns. With education among the electorate’s top priorities, the phrase â€Å"higher standards† has become ubiquitous in political campaigns across the country. (Gary Orfield). Many politicians have stressed that all children can learn at high levels, where many liberal and civil rights advocates are too concerned about lowering the standards for these tests. Unfortunately, this movement has all to frequently been reduced to a single policy: high stakes testing. (Orfield). These tests are responsible for grade promotion, jobs for graduate students, and even promotions for teachers. President Clinton recommended in his state of the Union address that all students are supplied with materials that help them with these tests. This caused some controversy because people believed that with these materials, it undermined teachers, discriminated against minorities, and affected the teacher student relationship. I agree that students should be able to receive manuals to increase their chances on these tests, but I also feel that if a student knows what is going to be on the test it can hinder his ability to truly learn in those areas. A type of test that has negative feedback is high-stakes tests. The implications of these arguments were serious enough to lead the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University to commission a series of studies on the educational and social impact of high-stakes testing. High-stakes tests attached to grade promotion and high school graduation lead to increased dropout rates. (Orfield). I think if too much emphasis is placed on specif... Free Essays on Standardized Testing In the article â€Å"The High-Stakes Testing...† Gary Orfield and Johanna Wald, both researchers at Harvard Graduate School, state that the policy of high-stakes testing was first conceived to help raise the educational standards but has only discriminated against high poverty and minority students. Public concern has caused political campaigns to discuss standardized testing policies in recent years. According to Orfield and Wald, public interest leaders feel that citizens want to hold the school systems accountable for the inequality of standardized tests, which are causing some educational advocates to show concern that some teachers will lower their standards so students scores will improve. Orfield and Wald suggest that the reform movement of high stakes testing has worsened the educational problem; that tests are unfair to minority students, â€Å"undermine teachers,† and refuse high school graduation to students who do not pass a one-shot test (1). Moreover, many teacher and principal’s salaries rely on standardized tests, which may have the effect of many high poverty schools wanting to hire uncertified and inexperienced teachers who teach test preparation. Also, Orfield and Wald point out that high stakes testing narrows the curriculum by teaching to the test. This is where teachers only educate the basic points of learning needed to pass a test instead of examining topics from different points of view over a period of time. Many students are taught how to pass the test, but do not comprehend the material. This way of teaching is seen mostly in high poverty schools where the population is made up of minority and poor students. Among the poverty-stricken students are mostly black males who are the ones that are â€Å"disproportionately represented† among those held back and denied a diploma (2). Furthermore, high-stakes testing causes an increase in dropout rates, especially among minorities. In fact, nine out of t... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Standardized testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, Regents Exams, and the ACT. â€Å"Three kinds of standardized tests are used frequently in schools: achievement, diagnostic, and aptitude† (Woolfolk 550). Achievement tests can be used to help a teacher assess a student’s strengths and weaknesses in a particular subject. Diagnostic tests are typically given to elementary school students when learning problems are suspected. Aptitude tests are designed to predict how a student will perform in the future. For example, the SAT predicts performance in the first year of college. Standardized tests give educators a standard measure or â€Å"yardstick† because such a large number of students across the country take the same test. These tests are used to tell how well school programs are doing or to give a picture of the skills and abilities of students. Standardized tests; however, are problematic at all ages and levels of schooling. Standardized aptitude tests measure students’ abilities to learn in school, how well they are likely to succeed in future education. Rather than measuring knowledge of subjects taught in school, these tests measure a broad range of abilities or skills that are considered important to succeed in school. The classroom setting and teacher are the key to assessment. â€Å"Pressure to produce higher scores leads teachers to focus on material that will be covered by the tests and to exclude everything else. The curriculum is thereby narrowed, which means that some subjects are ignored. Within thos...

CoSchedule For Agencies The Way to Organize Client Projects

For Agencies The Way to Organize Client Projects Ahh†¦ the double-edged sword of managing multiple clients. More clients = more positive growth  ($$$) 💠°Ã°Å¸â€™ °Ã°Å¸â€™ ° but it also means Keeping track of MORE  projects†¦ more  goals†¦ more  industry guidelines + brand standards†¦ AND more  deadlines! All of which you must  become intimately acquainted with  and orchestrate  with precision Introducing, your NEW secret weapon: for Agencies. Manage All Your Clients In One Place. Eliminate the need for spreadsheets, email threads, and multiple platforms! Get all your clients under one roof. Simplify Your Team’s Workflows Collaboration. Easily facilitate real time collaboration with your clients, stay on track with client tasks, and execute on projects faster. Create Campaigns Social Content For One Client (Or Many). Schedule dozens of social messages in seconds + streamline the collaboration process between your internal and client teams with everything in one place. Improve Client Retention With Data. No more warm fuzzies! Prove the value of all your hard work with real data! Utilize ’s Social Engagement Report to measure your success and improve client retention. Customize To Fit Your Client’s Needs. is designed for flexibility. As your clientele grows, so should your tool. With the Agency pack, you’ll get ’s Multiple Calendars feature; allowing you to create unique calendars + analytic reports for every client. The Growth Plan + Agency Pack gives you (and your team) the tools to keep track of every client and every project in one place.

How has Iranian Cinema Destabilised the Political Structure Dissertation

How has Iranian Cinema Destabilised the Political Structure - Dissertation Example From the research it is clear that Iranian cinema has survived complicated transformation and oppressive restrictions that corresponds with the tumultuous socio-political experiences of the country itself. Emerging from one restrictive regime and entering yet another era of restriction, Iranian cinema has suffered through various degrees of oppression ranging from rejection by Islamic clerics on the grounds that Iranian films are instruments of Western corruption to simple rejection on the grounds that Iranian films do not portray Iran in an idealistic light. At the same time, Iranian cinema has also been utilized by Islamic clerics and regime leaders as a propaganda tool to influence popular thought and behavior. Despite the socio-political challenges, Iranian cinema has gained a reputation characterising it as among the world’s â€Å"most innovative national cinemas†. The success of Iranian cinema is largely attributed to its advanced artistry and its socio-political narratives. Contemporary and more especially, post-revolutionary film-making in Iran presents a mirror image of daily life and social and political issues in Iran. Thus the new Iranian Cinema has been described as capturing and sharing an â€Å"open image† of Iranian society and politics. Thus it has been argued that contemporary Iranian cinema has essentially humanized the people of Iran for both national and international audiences. ... nema 31 The Green Movement 42 Arab Spring 45 Bibliography 48 Filmography 50 Introduction Iranian cinema has survived complicated transformation and oppressive restrictions that corresponds with the tumultuous socio-political experiences of the country itself. Emerging from one restrictive regime and entering yet another era of restriction, Iranian cinema has suffered through various degrees of oppression ranging from rejection by Islamic clerics on the grounds that Iranian films are instruments of Western corruption to simple rejection on the grounds that Iranian films do not portray Iran in an idealistic light. At the same time, Iranian cinema has also been utilized by Islamic clerics and regime leaders as a propaganda tool to influence popular thought and behaviour (Gregory, 2008). Despite the socio-political challenges, Iranian cinema has gained a reputation characterising it as among the world’s â€Å"most innovative national cinemas† (Blankson & Murphy, 2007, p. 14 4). The success of Iranian cinema is largely attributed to its advanced artistry and its socio-political narratives (Ridgeon, 2000, p. 3). Contemporary and more especially, post-revolutionary film-making in Iran presents a mirror image of daily life and social and political issues in Iran. Thus the new Iranian Cinema has been described as capturing and sharing an â€Å"open image† of Iranian society and politics (Chaudhuri & Finn, 2003, p. 38). Thus it has been argued that contemporary Iranian cinema has essentially humanized the people of Iran for both national and international audiences (Zeydabadi-Nejad, 2010, p. 1). It can therefore be argued that the humanized image of the people of Iran by the aesthetic and realistic representations of social and political issues have worked together to destabilise

Pestle for contemporary issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pestle for contemporary issues - Essay Example But if the political equations are like the ones’ prevailing amongst some of the nations in the Middle East or the gulf region, it adversely affects the hospitality sector. Similarly we must not forget the deep cut in hospitality industry in the aftermath of 9/11. Economic: Today we are in an era when the power of a nation is being assessed not by its military arsenal but by its economic strength instead. Economic factors have forced many traditional rival nations to adopt friendly policies in order to have better economic exchanges. Such understanding leads to firming of business partnerships, furthering market friendly policies and encouraging visits of business tycoons. Business summits, seminars, expositions, meetings too augur well for the hospitality industry. Socio-cultural: If two nations have similar socio-cultural patterns, mutual understanding and cultural exchanges amongst the citizens, the hospitality industry will be happy to host a number of visitors from across the borders. Similarly, if there are lots of cultural activities within the country, even then the hospitality industry benefits a lot. But if the society adopts some kind of preventive measures or the cultural heritage is not allowed to bloom, the hospitality industry is bound to suffer. Technological: Technology is indeed redefining the way we interact, we travel, we offer our services etc. Considering the good old days when there were no aeroplanes, ships used to take months to complete intercontinental journeys. But today, supersonic jumbo-jets have reduced this travel to some hours. Similarly, the facilities that have been offered by the information technology have brought the world closer. Now one can plan of his visit to Beijing for the Olympic games, by sitting in his home in London. The hospitality industry of China will be happy to him during the game by making all arrangements well in time. Legal: The law of

Solution to World Poverty Essay Example for Free

Solution to World Poverty Essay Try to imagine when you became a homeless child who is facing death because of starvation, would not you want a piece of bread from a kind man? In the article The Singer Solution to World Poverty Peter Singer talks about whether we should save poor children or not by donating money. In his article, Singer helps us realize our response for the deaths of children in poor families by asking the reader to consider hypothetical situations and put these moral issues into real life. In the long run, simply donating money to poor countries do not solve the problem. In my opinion, we should help the poor children to make their own living, by spending our money on popularization of education and health care in the poor countries. In the first few paragraphs, Singer uses examples from the Brazilian film Central Station and basically says that in America and other countries, people are more likely to condemn people who do not donate. For example, people who might have been quick condemn Dora if she had not rescued the boy actually go back to places far more comfortable than Doras apartment after the movie ends. This suggests that people who are able to help the poor children do not take actions to help them. Therefore, we should start to help poor children by donating money to the charity rather than wait for someone else to do it. Like the author says Donated to one of a number of charitable agencies, that money could mean the difference between life and death for children in need. Another example from the article was authors analysis of Living High and Letting Die by Peter Unger. The example is about close-to-retirement Bob, who chooses not to throw the switch that would have directed the train to another track and saved childs life. In the same manner, it is very wrong of us for not calling the charity number listed on P299 after seeing it, because we chose not making the phone call while we could have saved one childs life by making it. According to the author Now you, too have the information you need to save childs life. How should you judge yourself if you dont do it? In our real life, it is understandable that people prefer to do nothing, because I did not call that charity neither. However, our problem is that we tend to rely on the majority, because nobody will blame the majority. In this case, some people might ask then why should we donate our money to the charity while the majority is not willing to do so? The author calls this follow-the-crowd ethics-the kind of ethics that led many Germans to look away when the Nazi atrocities were being committed. We do not excuse them because others were behaving no better. However, I do not agree with Singers opinion that we should donate everything beyond necessities, where Singer says An American household with an income of $50,000 spends around $30,000 annually on necessities, according to the Conference BoardTherefore, for a household bringing in $50,000 a year, donations to help the worlds poor should be as close as possible to $20,000. However, we save one child by donating $200 as the author suggests, one life saves one life, fair and kind enough. Since we are living in real world, we should look towards reality, and the reality is that every one of us is selfish. For example, a guy chooses to go to a local Pizza restaurant every Friday night with his weekly extra income, lets assume $25 approximately. Suddenly, he is required to donate all of that 25 dollars to a local charity. Imagine what might happen to that guy, it will certainly take him a while to get used to not eat in that pizza restaurant anymore. Donating someones extra income means giving up certain habits supported by that part of the income, and it could be just as difficult as persuading a smoker to give up smoking. Therefore, we all need to donate money, but not everything beyond necessities. Now, here comes an important question: what do people really need in these poor countries? If I only donate $200, are those money really going to change a childs life? The answer is depended on what organization you are donating to. According to Garrett Hardin, in his article Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor he is trying to convince the readers not to donate, because the worlds resources are inequitably distributed. and We cannot safely divide the wealth equitably among all peoples so long as reproduce at different rates. To do so would guarantee that our grandchildren, and everyone elses grandchildren, would have only a ruined world to inhabit. Therefore, in the long run, by simply donating money or resource (especially foods), we are making the population growth differential between poor and rich countries even bigger. Thus, we should let them suffer now in order to make a brighter life for their future generation and ours. However, according to Hardin, there is one exception: instead of giving poor people fish, we can teach them how to fish, so that they will be able to make their own living in the future. For example, we can spend our money on popularizing education and health care in poor countries, so we are helping poor children to create their own survival abilities. In the end, we should clarify the value of 200 dollars: it might be nothing for rich people to spend that amount on a luxury dinner (some of the top restaurants charge even more than that) in this case the value of $200 might be tasty foods and a comfortable environment. Now, lets save this $200 and give it to an oversea aid organization assuming the money is directly spent on saving one sick childs life. In this case, the value of $200 is certainly more than a good meal. Therefore, we should definitely donate part of our extra income, but not everything beyond necessities. Furthermore, the money should be spent popularizing education and health care in poor countries. When you see your $200 has made a little difference in the life of a poor children, dont you feel happy? and dont you think that together as a whole we can make world better so we should start giving? CITATION Peter Singer. The Singer Solution to World Poverty The Norton Mix. Boston University. New York, 2012. P296-303. Print. Garrett Hardain. Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor The Norton Mix. Boston University. New York, 2012. P158-160. Print.

Analysis of My Last Duchess and The Laboratory Essay -- Robert Brownin

â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"The Laboratory† are two very diverse yet similar poems written by Robert Browning within the period of three years. In this essay I am going to carefully consider the techniques, language and imagery that Browning uses in these two poems. I am also going to compare the two poems together and how Browning creates the voice and character of the persona in each poem. My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning in 1842. The poem is a dramatic monologue. The poem flows as there are mid-line pauses (caesura) rather than the poem coming to a halt at the end of each line. I think this is deliberate from Browning to make the poem flow more easily. The poem begins by the Duke merely showing his collection of art and various works to his emissary. He then comes to a lifelike portrait of his own wife who is now dead. In my opinion the Duke remembers her as no less than a piece of art that has been created by his orders. This is a general pattern throughout the poem where the Duke considers himself to be the most prestigious man who has ever lived. He believes that men are the dominant race above women. He is a complete image of sexism in his time. Browning keeps some of the imagery vague in the poem I believe this is to leave the reader of the poem to think themselves about the attitude of the Duke. You could perhaps say that he has a flirtatious wife who treasures others gifts as she treats the Duke’s. You could suggest that she may have had affairs with these other men but Browning leaves this to our imagination. I believe the Duke is an unstable man whose jealousy drives him to the limit to eventually finish his wife off. He believes that total control was a natural thing for him. Moving on to the Laboratory. ... ... the reader thinking about the poem in whatever way they like. Similarly with â€Å"My last duchess† Robert browning deliberately leaves some text vague yet some vivid to pose questions to the reader. He uses plenty of metaphors in both poems. I think this is again for the same reason which has been mentioned earlier. He is definitely trying to give the reader a thought but he leaves the thought abruptly for us to imagine about it. In my opinion this pattern is very frequent throughout the two poems. To arrive at my conclusion all these techniques work together extremely well in both poems to give some of the greatest poems of his time. These two poems are especially recognised for the language, imagery and techniques that the poet uses to create a feeling of jealousy and disgust of the reactions of both the Duke in â€Å"My Last Duchess† and the Woman in â€Å"The Laboratory.†

Why Company Go Public

REASON FOR PT. BANK CENTRAL ASIA, Tbk TO GO PUBLIC INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING William1140004383 BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER MANAJEMEN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BINUS UNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2010 List of Content List of Content2 Definition3 Reasons for listing3 Advantages of an IPO5 Disadvantages of an IPO5 Procedure6 Bank Central Asia History7 Bibliography9 Definition An initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is, as it sounds, the first sale of a company’s shares to the public and the listing of the shares on a stock exchange. In the UK, IPOs are often referred to as flotation. IPO was originally an American term but is now used across all world markets. The shares offered may be existing ones held privately, or the company may issue new shares to offer to the public. Companies choose to offer shares to the public to raise new capital for the company; to widen the shareholder base of the company; to give the shareholders a liquid market in which to trade their share; achieve the publicity that a public listing brings. Companies might choose to list on the market by a private placing of shares to institutions rather than a public offering. There have been several online flotation sometimes referred to as EPOs (Electronics Public Offerings). Many companies that undertake an IPO also request the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter to help them correctly assess the value of their shares, that is, the share price. Whoever is raising the funds, the process of flotation is arduous, involves significant time commitments from the company’s management and advisor (investment bankers, stockbrokers and solicitors amongst others), and is not cheap. This effort is expended in order to raise the cash required at a price that keeps both the vendor and the purchaser of the shares happy. Reasons for listing When a company lists its securities on a public exchange, the money paid by investors for the newly issued shares goes directly to the company (in contrast to a later trade of shares on the exchange, where the money passes between investors). An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap a wide pool of investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt or working capital. A company selling common shares is never required to repay the capital to investors. Once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares via a secondary offering, thereby again providing itself with capital for expansion without incurring any debt. This ability to quickly raise large amounts of capital from the market is a key reason many companies seek to go public. The three main interested parties in an IPO (the vendor, the company, and the investor) have complementary objectives. The Company will want to: * Maximize proceeds * Build broad and stable ownership base Raise its profile * Facilitate future fund raising and possibly future acquisitions * Ensure that there is a good liquidity in secondary market trading * Be seen as launching a successful IPO. The Vendor, or selling shareholder, wants to: * Maximize proceeds * Maximize value of retained interest/share price performance * Be seen as part of a successful transaction Investors will want to: * Maximize sh are price return (short and long-term) * Broaden and diversify portfolio * Accumulate a position not easily found in the secondary market Companies undertake an IPO for one of two reasons: To raise capital for the company’s use (a ‘primary’ offering). * To raise funds for the existing shareholders (including venture capitalist and governments, as in privatizations, etc. ) (a ‘secondary’ offering). The terms primary offering or primary issue and secondary offering or secondary issue are often used to classify the recipient of the proceeds. Proceeds from a primary offering go to the company – it creates and issues new shares for sale to the public. Secondary offering sells existing shares to the public. Many IPOs combine primary and secondary offerings. In general, capital raising IPOs are undertaken in order to: * Raise cash in order to expand the business of the company, or * Reduce the debt levels (leverage or gearing) of the company. The decision to go public for many companies is a strategic decision, not just a fund raising decision. The IPO process can be a catalyst for developing the company’s strategy more fully. It can also be seen as the final step in the financial development of a company. Reasons for secondary sales include: * Sale by entrepreneur * Succession * Tax and other personal reasons * ‘Cashing in’ * Sale by professional investors Venture capitalists and private investors seeking an ‘exit’ * Reverse LBOs * Funds required by parent company/major shareholder * Demutualization and introductions * Privatizations of state-owned enterprises. * Raising funds for the treasury. * Imposing private market disciplines on management and workers – thereby increasing efficiency and serv ice to customers. * Fostering a shareholders democracy. * Winning votes (although this is not explicitly stated). Advantages of an IPO The advantages of going public include: * Liquidity and increased share price * Management and employee motivation Enhanced image/prestige * Access to alternative source of capital * Ancillary benefits Advantages of investing internationally: * More securities and industries to choose from – even large markets don’t have shares in every sector. * Greater returns – many emerging markets provide higher rates of return than do more mature markets and some markets may not be as efficient as others, allowing professional investors an advantage. * Reduction of risk – not all national stock markets advance (or decline) at the same time. Therefore international diversification may reduce risk in an investor’s portfolio. Liquidity – some institutions demand significant liquidity in their portfolios, which can only be met by investing in the largest global companies. * Single European currency – many investors now look at the Eurozone as a single country for portfolio purposes. An investor in France, for example, no longer considers France to be his home market; the entire Eurozone is now treated as the domestic market. Disadvantages of an IPO There are several disadvantages to completing an initial public offering, namely: * Significant legal, accounting and marketing costs Ongoing requirement to disclose financial and business information * Meaningful time, effort and attention required of senior management * Risk that required funding will not be raised * Public dissemination of information which may be useful to competitors, suppliers and customers Disadvantages if selling to and maintaining an international investor base: * Cost and complexity * Increased disclosure requirements * Flow back Procedure The new issue process has five stages: * Corporate issues Some of general issues that company need to take care: The corporate structure and domicile will need to be determined. * Determining the timetable is also important. * Determining membership of the board of directors. * Employee participation. * Shareholder agreements and lockups. * Offering structure The main listing choices of offering structure that face a company are: * Which local exchange should it choose? * Should the company bypass the local market entirely? * Should the issuer consider multiple listings: in its home market and on an international exchange? * Regulation and documentation Marketing, pricing, and allocation In general marketing process consists of: * Pre-marketing * Developing the investment case * Preparing the market * Preparing the management * Initial research published (where permitted) * Marketing * Setting the price range * Filling the preliminary prospectus * Sales briefing * Roadshow and ‘one-on-one’ * Sales/research follow-up * Book building * Pricing and allocat ion * Setting the price There are three approaches to the pricing of an offering: * Book building * Fixed price * Auction/render offer * Allocation * Stabilization * Aftermarket The first question that needs to be answered when a company wants to do IPO is â€Å"is the company ready to go public? † Whether a company ready or not to go public is not determined by age, but determined on the ability to present a compelling investment case, which is made up of many components, chief among them being: * Capability of management * Financial track record * Industry prospects and growth potential * Position within industry/competition * Valuation/comparative value. The offering process for an IPO will be necessarily more complex than that of a secondary offering. Many of the strategic issues that need to be addressed only apply to companies issuing shares to the public for the first time. * Preparing the documentation is easier IPOs generally involve one or more investment banks known as â€Å"underwriters†. The company offering its shares, called the â€Å"issuer†, enters a contract with a lead underwriter to sell its shares to the public. The underwriter then approaches investors with offers to sell these shares. The sale (allocation and pricing) of shares in an IPO may take several forms. Common methods include: * Best efforts contract Firm commitment contract * All-or-none contract * Bought deal * Dutch auction Bank Central Asia History PT. Bank Central Asia was first found on 21 February 1957 as Bank Central Asia NV. A lot of things have happened since then – the most significant of all being perhaps the Asian monetary crisis in 1997. Here are the histories of BCA from 1997 until BCA do the IPO in May 2000: * 14-15 November 1997, BCA’s customer makes a rush of BCA because Soedono Salim alias Liem Sioe Liong, its majority shareholder, rumored dead. The new rush subsides after Liem appear in public. 18 May 1998 until beginning of June 1998 BCA’s customer back to panic after the riots of May, so do the rush. As a result, BCA limiting customer withdrawals, via cashier Rp. 5 million, Rp. 500 thousand v ia ATM Silver, and ATM Gold is Rp. 1 million. * 28 May 1998, BCA officially became â€Å"patient† of Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN). Bank of Indonesia inject funds up to 200 percent of BCA’s capital. Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) took over the authority of directors and commissioners of BCA and form a team led by Director of Bank BRI, DE Setiyoso. 25 August 1998, Government announced that the deadline of completion of Bantuan Liquiditas Bank Indonesia (BLBI) by the old owner is 21 September 1999. * 22 September 1998, Head of BPPN, Glenn MS Yusuf, states that Salim Group accept the obligation to pay Rp. 35 trilliun to his side. With this agreement, the shares of the Salim Group transferred to BPPN with its cash and property. The government has 92. 8 percent shares of BCA and the rest is owned by Salim Group and several other parties. * 29 September 1998, Head of BPPN, Glenn MS Yusuf, said the government will inject capital considered sufficient to meet the category of healthy banks. This funding will be converted into shares of government. * 23 April 1999, BPPN said government would sell its share in BCA to the public and after that the shares will be offered to the strategic investors. * 4 February 2000, BCA register its plan for sell the shares to Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal. BCA plans to sell 42 percent of its share. * 22 February 2000, BPPN suddenly delaying the implementation of BCA share offering to the fiscal year 2000 (April – December 2000) with reason that the BCA’s IPO preparation need more time. 3 March 2000, BPPN declared that BPPN unsure to get Rp. 3 trillion from these stock offering. * 10 April 2000, President Director of BCA, DE Setijoso, declared the maximum number of shares of BCA’s share that offered by Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) reached 883. 2 million shares. While the range of BCA’s share on IPO ranges from Rp. 1. 350 – Rp. 1. 750 per sheet. It means, the maximum acquisition target of BPPN r eached Rp. 1. 5456 trillion about half of the target. * 27 April 2000, BPPN officially returns BCA from BPPN to BI. With this return to BI BCA, then BCA became the first bank that came back from recovery state of BPPN. From the history of BCA from 14 November 1997 to 27 April 2000, we can conclude that reason for BCA to go public is because of the crisis that happened in BCA that happen 2 times that caused by: 1. Soedono Salim alias Liem Sioe Liong, its majority shareholder, rumored dead. 2. The riots in May 1998. So that BCA need to go public to get fund injection to recover the financial condition of BCA. Bibliography Geddes, Ross. IPOs and equity offerings. Burlington : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. financeglossary† Great Investor Network. 7 January 2011 â€Å"::BCA::† PT. Bank Central Asia. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Tempointeractive. com – Perjalanan BCA sejak 1997† Tempo Interaktif 26 Februari 2002. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Initial Public Offering† Wikipedia. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Bank Central Asia† Wikipedia. 7 January 2011

Life & Wessex King Essay

Life in the past was characterized with lots of battles between rival territories. This resulted to the rise of powerful empires and the measure of power during those days was through the number of wars fought. Warriors of those days were called Vikings. A Viking also denotes a pirate, merchant or explorer. These Norsemen normally used long ships to travel in the sea to all the places of their interest and used the same vessels to fight their enemies. The Vikings are traced to have originated in the early 17th century in the German territory. The initiator of Vikings in the Iceland is Erik the red. He lived all his life ruling his people after which his son picked the mantle from him (Gwyn, J. 2000). SCANDINAVIA The term Scandinavia is both a historical a major geographical part in the world. There exist also a people who are identified as the Scandinavians. According to the geographical setting, Scandinavia is located in the Northern Europe, a place called Scandinavian Peninsula. The kingdoms that existed in the Scandinavian region include: Finland, Norway and partly Denmark. A lot of research done also reveal that Sweden and Iceland also form part of this robust history. All these regions put together are further referred to as Nordic region. The geographical orientation of Scandinavia is rather ambiguous. The region spreads from the Norwegian Fjords all the way to the low areas in Denmark through the Scandinavian Mountains and to the archipelagos of Sweden and Norway. This region has diverse group of people and for this reason, there exist more that one dialect. The languages that were spoken in these regions included Norway, Sweden and Denmark dialects. These people usually understood each other and thus had mutual understanding. DO THE VIKINGS RIGHTFULLY DESERVE THE REPUTATION THAT THEY WERE CRUEL, MURDEROUS BARBARIANS? WHY? WHY NOT? The Vikings performed most of their ventures through wars. It is evident that a normal way of dressing was to be attire that is characteristic of a warrior. The males had war uniforms all the time. From the first time that the Vikings entered a territory, war had to be fought. It is mandatory that people must die in the event of war. The death of people was so common to these northern tribes that any one could talk of them to be cruel and murderous. Other ventures like sea piracy and looting were associated with brutality and blood shed. The victims of such encounters were left counting their losses if they were not dead. Erik who is one of the founders of the Vikings movement was actually observed to murder many people in his native land until he was expelled to go to exile, the result which led to the discovery of Ice land. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF WESSEX, IN REGARD TO THE VIKINGS IN ENGLAND. The Wessex territory was known for its great power during the year 878. This territory had great potential that any attacker could admire. Te Wessex King of that time planed for a very efficient army that was to fight and defeat the Viking warriors. This king managed to resist the Vikings and with time became pronounced as Alfred the great. His territory was a centre for trade, commerce and administration. The Vikings however invaded this land and took loots from it as usual. The Wessex region acted as a real opposition to the advances of the Vikings. Every one feared the Vikings. The sight of these raiders approaching a region would send cold shivers down the guts of every king. King Alfred however managed to escape them, even though he was later cornered. The Wessex region became a home of habitation to some Vikings although others separated from the settling camp and continued with invasion. Wessex became a point mark towards bringing an end to the Viking advances in war. HOW DID THE VIKINGS CONTRIBUTE TO THE BREAK-UP OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE? The Vikings were a major threat to the kings during the Viking age. The Vikings attached Carolingian empire in the year 885 and 886 leading to the defeat of their kings. In 845, the Viking warriors sailed to seine in France and attacked it. The end result of this was a defeat to the Carolingian empire and the kings that followed were just puppet rulers who were initiated by the Vikings. This led to the fall of this empire and it took along time to come up again. EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS PHASES INVOLVED IN VIKING RAIDS. Vikings mainly had 3 phases of raids. The very first phase said to have lasted from 790-840. The Vikings used very shallow draught long ships. They always used these ships because they were suitable majorly for surprise attacks in the coastal towns. The size of these vessels was so small so that the Vikings could rush and attack very fast. With this they attacked Frisia and Aquitane. The second level of attacks occurred between 841 and 875 and the number of raids increased. The Vikings attacked by killing or enslaving their victims. With this, the attacks proceeded to the Mediterranean Sea. 876 to 911 saw the introduction of the third phase. With this, the Vikings started to invade frnce and other parts of Europe. They also developed their own fleets that were used to attack distance empires.

Arrepentirse Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples

Arrepentirse Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples The Spanish verb arrepentirse  is frequently translated as to regret or to feel sorry, although it can also mean to repent. In some contexts, it can also refer to simply changing ones mind, as when someone backs out of a deal or contract. The tables below show  arrepentirse  conjugations in the present, past and future tenses, in both the indicative and subjunctive forms. The charts also include the imperative, participle, and gerund forms. How to Conjugate Arrepentirse Arrepentirse is a reflexive verb derived from arrepentir, which is almost never used nonreflexively. When used reflexively, it requires the reflexive pronouns  me, te, se, nos, and os, as seen in the conjugation charts. Arrepentirse  is irregular in two ways. The -e- of the stem changes to -ie- when stressed. And when unstressed, the -e- sometimes changes to -i-. The irregularities affect all of the subjunctive (present and imperfect) and negative imperative forms. A few forms in the indicative present and preterite are also affected, as well as the gerund. Present Indicative of Arrepentirse The present tense indicates that an action is happening now or that it happens generally or habitually. Yo me arrepiento I regret Yo no me arrepiento de nada. T te arrepientes You regret T te arrepientes por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepiente You/he/she regrets l se arrepiente de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentimos We regret Nosotros nos arrepentimos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepents You regret Vosotros os arrepents de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepienten You/they regret Ellos se arrepienten de haber apoyado al presidente. Arrepentirse Preterite The preterite is a type of past tense that refers to actions that came to a definite end, much like the English past tense ending in -ed for regular verbs. Yo me arrepent I regretted Yo no me arrepent de nada. T te arrepentiste You regretted T te arrepentiste por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepinti You/he/she regretted l se arrepinti de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentimos We regretted Nosotros nos arrepentimos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentisteis You regretted Vosotros os arrepentisteis de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintieron You/they regretted Ellos se arrepintieron de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperfect Indicative Form of Arrepentirse The imperfect is another type of past tense. Its usage is similar to the constructions used to verb or was verb -ing in English. Yo me arrepenta I was regretting Yo no me arrepenta de nada. T te arrepentas You were regretting T te arrepentas por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepenta You/he/she was regretting l se arrepenta de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentamos We were regretting Nosotros nos arrepentamos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentais You were regretting Vosotros os arrepentais de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentan You/they were regretting Ellos se arrepentan de haber apoyado al presidente. Arrepentirse Future Tense Yo me arrepentir I will regret Yo no me arrepentir de nada. T te arrepentirs You will regret T te arrepentirs por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepentir You/he/she will regret l se arrepentir de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentiremos We will regret Nosotros nos arrepentiremos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentiris You will regret Vosotros os arrepentiris de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentirn You/they will regret Ellos se arrepentirn de haber apoyado al presidente. Periphrastic Future of Arrepentirse The reflexive pronoun of the periphrastic future can come before the conjugated form of  the verb  ir (to go), as shown below, or attached to arrepentir. Thus, the first example sentence in the chart could have been written as Yo no voy a arrepentirme de nada. The method shown below is more common. Yo me voy a arrepentir I am going to regret Yo no me voy a arrepentir de nada. T te vas a arrepentir You are going to regret T te vas a arrepentir por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se va a arrepentir You/he/she is going to regret l se va a arrepentir de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos vamos a arrepentir We are going to regret Nosotros nos vamos a arrepentir por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os vais a arrepentir You are going to regret Vosotros os vais a arrepentir de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se van a arrepentir You/they are going to regret Ellos se van a arrepentir de haber apoyado al presidente. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Arrepentirse It is common to attach the reflexive pronoun to the gerund (also called a present participle) as shown below. It is also possible to place the pronoun in front of the verb phrase, so the sentence below also could have been rendered as Él se est arrepintiendo de todo lo que ha hecho. Gerund of Arrepentir est arrepintià ©ndose -  Is regretting Él est arrepintià ©ndose de todo lo que ha hecho. Past Participle of Arrepentirse As with other past participles, arrepentido can function as an adjective, in this case meaning repentant or otherwise feeling sorry. Participle of Arrepentir se ha arrepentido -  Has regretted Él se ha arrepentido  de todo lo que ha hecho. Conditional Form of Arrepentirse Yo me arrepentira I would regret Si fuera t, yo no me arrepentira de nada. T te arrepentiras You would regret T te arrepentiras por tus crmenes si fueras sincera. Usted/l/ella se arrepentira You/he/she would regret l se arrepentira de todo lo que ha hecho, pero no quiere ir a la crcel. Nosotros nos arrepentiramos We would regret Nosotros nos arrepentiramos por nuestros pecados, pero no hemos cometido errores. Vosotros os arrepentirais You would regret Vosotros os arrepentirais de no haberme escuchado si fuereis inteligentes. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentiran You/they would regret Ellos se arrepentiran de haber apoyado al presidente, pero les gusta su personalidad. Present Subjunctive of Arrepentirse Que yo me arrepienta That I regret Es lamentable que yo no me arrepienta de nada. Que t te arrepientas That you regret El juez quiere que t te arrepientas por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepienta That you/he/she regret Sofa quiere que l se arrepienta de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintamos That we regret Mam quiere que nosotros nos arrepintamos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintis That you regret Quiero que vosotros os arrepintis de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepientan That you/they regret Me alegra que ellos se arrepientan de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperfect Subjunctive Form of Arrepentirse There is very seldom any difference in meaning between the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive shown below, although the first option is more common. Option 1 Que yo me arrepintiera That I regretted Era lamentable que yo no me arrepintiera de nada. Que t te arrepintieras That you regretted El juez quera que t te arrepintieras por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepintiera That you/he/she regretted Sofa quera que l se arrepintiera de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintiramos That we regretted Mam quera que nosotros nos arrepintiramos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintierais That you regretted Yo quera que vosotros os arrepintierais de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintieran That you/they regretted Me alegra que ellos se arrepintieran de haber apoyado al presidente. Option 2 Que yo me arrepintiese That I regretted Era lamentable que yo no me arrepintiese de nada. Que t te arrepintieses That you regretted El juez quera que t te arrepintieses por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepintiese That you/he/she regretted Sofa quera que l se arrepintiese de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintisemos That we regretted Mam quera que nosotros nos arrepintisemos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintieseis That you regretted Yo quera que vosotros os arrepintieseis de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintiesen That you/they regretted Me alegra que ellos se arrepintiesen de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperative Forms of Arrepentirse The reflexive pronoun is attached to affirmative commands but comes before negative commands. Imperative (Positive Command) T arrepintete Regret! Arrepintete por tus crmenes! Usted arrepintase Regret! Arrepintase de todo lo que ha hecho! Nosotros arrepintmonos Lets regret! Arrepintmonos por nuestros pecados! Vosotros arrepentos Regret! Arrepentos de no haberme escuchado! Ustedes arrepintanse Regret! Arrepintanse de haber apoyado al presidente! Imperative (Negative Command) T no te arrepientas Dont regret! No te arrepientas por tus crmenes! Usted no se arrepienta Dont regret! No se arrepienta de todo lo que ha hecho! Nosotros no nos arrepintamos Lets not regret! No nos arrepintamos por nuestros pecados! Vosotros no os arrepintis Dont regret! No os arrepintis por no haberme escuchado! Ustedes no se arrepientan Dont regret! No se arrepientan de haber apoyado al presidente!

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work The transition out of college and into working life can be a bumpy one. There’s more competition for fewer jobs than ever. Here are 4 tips for how to maximize your chances of a smooth path  into your career. 1. Find an Internship Early OnA challenging internship in the field you’d like to enter is one of the best ways to set yourself up for career success while you’re still in school. This shows initiative, your ability to win competitive positions, and gives you a bunch of professional experience in your field before you’ve even graduated. Make sure to pick one that is as challenging, prestigious, and productive as possible- not to mention one that is a good fit for you. Do a bit of research first, then make the absolute most of it. Do your best to dazzle your superiors and keep in touch. They could be great resources for recommendations in your first job applications.2. Pretend you’re already in your careerWhile you’re working your part-t ime jobs and internships in college, don’t just treat them like side work while you finish your degree. Treat them like your first- or fifth!- adult job in your field. Treat your undergraduate present like your career future and you’ll be setting yourself up very well to step into that future when the time comes.3. Reach out and create a networkIt is crucial to be proactive and show the kind of initiative recruiters look for in an applicant. Go above and beyond every chance you get. Seek out mentors at your internships and jobs and express your interest to maximize your potential- and your resume. Set goals for yourself and keep yourself honest so you make sure to meet them- and keep meeting them.4. Get promotedThere are always opportunities for advancement and promotion. Seek these out early and often. Set up job alerts. Try working for larger companies that have multiple avenues to jobs higher up the ladder. Don’t get complacent in any one position. If you let everyone know you’re hungry, eager to keep learning and advancing, and you can prove your mettle, eventually your bosses and coworkers will know to think of you first when opportunities arise.

Discourse Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discourse Analysis - Essay Example Critical discourse analysis has been widely used in educational research. On most occasions by educators or teachers who are keen in understanding and addressing issues that have to deal with their professional practice and activities (Widdowson, 2007). Most people enter the field of education, because they are concerned with issues dealing with equality, power and justice. It is therefore not a surprise that critical discourse analysis is able to give an appealing approach for an educator to understand on how issues in education affect them. Furthermore, through discourse analysis, educators have the capability of linking the details of an everyday practice, to a wide political and social (Schiffrin, Tannen and Hamilton, 2001). Discourse analysis would help in solving a research problem in education, mostly because it provides a basis in which a researcher understands some problems in research question, that are difficult for them to understand. Take for example, a research in higher education administration that seeks to analyze the effects of reduced government spending. The discourses under consideration would be funded research, constrained budget, and academic standards (Widdowson, 2007). By carefully analyzing these discourses, the researcher would get the ability of understanding an approach to use in answering the research

Education in the patient care setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Education in the patient care setting - Essay Example Before the means to develop and enhance the learning in my area of professional practice for a patient can be established, it is important to discuss first the different principles of learning which relate to the quality of feedback, individualization, relevance, and their applicability to practice. There are eight principles of learning which have to be considered in health education. These principles include: multi-sense learning, active learning, primacy and recency, tell them what you are going to tell them/tell them what you have told them, feedback, reward, practice and repetition, meaningful material, and holistic learning (Egle, 2007, pp. 4-5). In multi-sense learning, two or more senses are utilized, allowing the students to hear, to see, and touch, and to do (Kroehnert, 2000, p. 10). By using various techniques, it is possible to provide visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic outlets for more effective learning. Another principle – active learning also refers to learning by doing (Martyn, 2007, p. 71). This principle sets forth fact that as participants become more actively engaged in their learning, they are also likely to be engaged in the learning and application, as well as in the problem solving, and in case studies (Egle, 2007, p. 4). The third principle, primacy and recency – discusses that learners often remember the first and the last experiences (Castel, 2008, p. 429). A thorough and comprehensive introduction and conclusion are therefore important aspects of learning. The principle of telling them what you are going to tell them, and telling them what you have told discusses the fact that chunking or dividing lessons into mini-sessions can improve the learning process (Egle, 2007, p. 4). The fourth principle, that of feedback sets forth the importance of feedback from learners and trainers (Office of Assessment, Teaching, and Learning, 2010, p. 46). The message is ac tually the feedback; participants need feedback to assess their progress and the leaders need feedback to evaluate the sessions. The fifth principle is reward. This is about experiencing success and reward. Most people feel better when they are rewarded for their efforts and feeling good about themselves often leads to more improved efforts in their activities (Egle, 2007, p. 5). The sixth principle is reward, revision, and reinforcement (Sutton, 1999, p. 2). This principle sets forth that memory needs repetition of materials; the more it is repeated, the more it is ingrained in one’s memory. The seventh principle is on meaningful material. This principle basically sets forth that materials are related to previous knowledge and that participants are likely to learn best with materials which are relevant (Egle, 2007, p. 5). The last principle is on holistic learning. This principle s

Place Your Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Place Your Vote - Essay Example Why energy is an important factor to consider when electing a presidentI would like to bring back some memories that most Americans would love to erase from their memories. This concerns the high oil prices that were experienced during Bush’s tenure in White House in 2008. This is a clear indication of the intricate nature of the oil prices to the American economy. Schoen (2008) while talking about the price increases by over 50 percent in January of 2008 observed that:â€Å"Airlines have been struggling to make a profit, even as they cut jobs and flights. American Airlines became the latest to announce it was tightening its belt another notch, saying Thursday that it plans to shrink capacity by as much as 12 percent and cut thousands of jobs† (Schoen, 2008)Furthermore, Schoen elaborates that these airlines were contemplating an increase in the prices of checking the first bag. He contends that smaller airlines would have had to file for bankruptcy. Other industries, su ch as the automobiles also experienced a drop in sales which is definitely not good to the overall wellness of the economy. Moreover, the price of food and other household goods were expected to rise. Threats of inflation were being envisaged at the time and these tended to spill over to the housing sector and the credit markets (Schoen, 2008). This led to job losses, higher costs of living and a generally dented economy.During this trying time inflation was attributed to the high oil prices that were being experienced.  

Fast Food Industry Challenges and Opportunities

Fast Food Industry Challenges and Opportunities Fast food franchising was still in its infancy in the 1950s however this picked up greatly in the 1970s due to several factors including the steady decline on hourly wages of US workers which resulted in a substantial percentage of women re-entering the job market to support their families. This trend resulted in great business opportunities for fast food chains whose product saw a substantial increase in demand due to long working hours of parents, thus lack of time to dedicate to cooking due to other family commitments, including a lack of quality time between family members. Fast food options thus made it easier for families who could choose to either purchase take away food, on their way home, or else consume it at the chains premises together with family members or friends. Thus this provided an affordable solution to purchase cooked food, for families, single parents, youths and professionals. Burger King was the first fast food chain to introduce drive thru service which now accounts for a majority of the companys business. www.datamonitor.com Apart from the drive thru option, Burger King as well as other fast food retailers, offered home service delivery in order to suit the needs of consumers who were pressed for time. The provision of such convenient services boosted the organisations turnover. Lack of elaborate furnishings and low skilled labour of fast food chains, compared to full service restaurants were substantially lower, contributed to low operating costs, which was reflected in the price of meals, rendering them affordable. Although the chains sales were very promising, stiff competition from other fast food operators forced fast food leaders to engage in aggressive marketing campaigns and diversified product offerings. Burger Kings major limitation has been the adoption of a reactive rather than a proactive strategy. This resulted in higher costs which were at times wasted as the reactive strategy would have been employed too late, and the competitors effort would have by then been too effective to be beaten. It is also worth noting that although in the case of Burger King, its major competitors have been McDonalds and Wendys being the first and third placed leaders respectively, in the fast food industry, so far, yet competition from many well-established food service companies, has been cut throat. The restaurant industry is intensely competitive and BKC competes with many well-established food service companies on the basis of product choice, quality, affordability, service and location. Burger King Corporation- SWOT Analysis: May 2010 ( www.datamonitor.com) Health concerns lead to a substantial slow down by fast food chain companies in the 1990s. Health campaigns bombarded the media claiming that obesity was the result of excessive fast food consumption. Fear of heart conditions, damaged liver and other health conditions, resulted in lower consumption of fast food, which proved to be a major threat to fast food sellers, particularly large chains like Burger King who had thousands of outlets spread across the globe reflecting high investments in the franchise. This major setback also led to a considerable drop in value meals which had been introduced to beat stiff competition from other fast food suppliers. Such favourable pricing strategies encouraged consumers to opt for the added value meal options, contributing further to health problems including obesity. During this period, Obesity was believed to cause more deaths than smoking. (Case Study:4) Apart from consuming high levels of fast food, people hardly engaged in physical due to their working commitments and hectic lifestyles which were the main reasons for drawing crowds to fast food consumption. Had fast food companies not have catered for such a shift in demand, they would have probably been driven out of the market particularly since people have become more health conscious due to higher exposure to media and the internet the latter being a super highway of information. The emerging popularity of certain diets including the Atkins and the South Beach diets, which proved to be effective for many, were also a threat to the industry, thus the introduction of a much varied menu by fast food retailers. With increased health consciousness, consumers shifted to healthy food like salads and organic food. (Case Study: 6). Leaders in the fast food industry sought to adapt to changing consumer preferences. The provision of healthier options increased operational costs, including the requirement for more cooking spaces. Fast food leaders sought to transform the initial threat into an opportunity for business development, particularly since the desire for healthy options at fast food outlets, was not a phase but is still in demand today. Awareness of the negative effects of hydrogenated oils which were deemed to be cancerous, had to be eliminated from fast food kitchens and replaced buy healthier oils. The industry was further challenged by the bird flu and Mad Cow diseases which also contributed to a decrease in consumer traffic. In 2005, the World Health Organisation (WHO), also made reference to the fact that Acrylamide in certain foods as fried or roasted potato products, has shown to cause cancer. Growing public awareness about Acrylamide levels in French fries, could affect the companys sales. Other threats faced by fast food retailers including Burger King, include Legal tangles such as violation of accessibility requirements under federal and state law, which will reflect negatively the brand image of the organisation. Unemployment and low consumer confidence the US a case in point, will affect consumer spending and thus will impact directly Burger Kings financial performance which tends to be highly sensitive to such economic conditions. Burger King, apart from dealing with the number of threats faced earlier in the write up, had a number of internal issues to solve. These problems contributed to higher challenges the company has to face particularly since for a company to deal with external factors, it must be backed up by key important factors, including internal organisational stability. Lack of constructive communication between the Mother Company and franchisees led to a number of outlets to close down. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] disagreements soon erupted between the franchisees and the parent company regarding issues of product control, store image, design and operations. (Case Study: pp 6) Franchisees claimed that Burger King failed to understand and adapt to the needs and requirements of the franchisees target audience who demanded a varied product to suit the culture and trends of the particular country and location. Franchisees also claimed that they had no financial backing from the mother company to refurbish the ir outlets, thus a considerable percentage of Burger Kings outlets were shabby and neglected. The No. 2 fast food chain may need to spend billions on refurbishing. Burt Helm (2010) Burger King also faces the threat of expiry franchise agreements. Of the 409 agreements that expired in fiscal 2006, only 47% were renewed and 28% were extended for similar periods. If a substantial number of franchisees decide not to renew their agreement, the companys operations would be affected. (www.datamonitor.com) In spite of the number of threats faced by fast food retailers during the past decades, one must not underestimate the future opportunities which such industry players can take advantage of. In this regard there has been a considerable rise of the restaurant industry in the US. New dining and lifestyle patterns including an increased percentage of working women, divorce, rise in single parent household and longer working hours have all been extended further over the last three decades. Demographic changes including the demand for snacking and increased comfort requirements are creating further opportunities for businesses within the catering industry. The FFHR business in the US is expected to grow at an annual rate of 4% per annum during 2006-2011. (www.datamonitor.com) Burger King is seeking to extend on product development by introducing new products and an increase in limited time offers. Ongoing product development must be in line with current market trends to ensure that the menu is appealing to the target market and to ensure that the menu is not stale, which will benefit competitors. Launching new products will enhance the brand image in line with the success of its direct competitors. However the success of the Whopper which is Burger Kings signature product which initially contributed to Burger King Brands image, should continue to appear in the chain marketing campaigns, with the latter being more innovative. Burger King is also seeking to expand in current and tap potential markets, including Asian markets such as China and Malaysia. This diversification plan will hopefully improve Burger Kings threat of market concentration. Further investment in the chains restaurants could also be an opportunity to boost the brand image. A change in design and image of the outlets, would provide an opportunity for further growth, targeting upcoming generations proactively. Market analysis and in-depth research will provide the company with feedback regarding the emerging customer needs not only as regards food menu, but also design and dà ©cor and in-store facilities including a potential area accommodating business meetings and coffee breaks, if in demand. In todays global, fast changing and ever growing competitive environment being a market leader, today, will give you some advantages but definitely will not grant you automatic market leadership for the future. A competitive strategy based on a number of key internal competences will provide a solid platform for organisation sustainability and long-term success. Internal competences may be referred to as stated by Barney (1991) in Lado et al. (1994) organisational resources that are rare, valuable, non substitutable and imperfectly imitable form the basis for a firms sustainable competitive advantage. Unless these core competences are unique to the company, achieving competitive advantage would be harder particularly in todays competitive business environments. Further more Prahalad and Hamel (1990) state that In the 1990s managers will be judged on their ability to identify, cultivate, and exploit th core competences that make growth possible indeed, theyll have to rethink the concept of the corporation it self. Organisations must seek to understand first and foremost the micro and macro environment including, the immediate industry (micro) and competitive environment, and general economic conditions (macro). Understanding the Critical Success Factors of the industry in which they operate helps companies identify the areas in which the company must excel over its competitors to achieve competitive advantage in the market place. Internal competences will prove to be effective if they contribute directly or indirectly to the organisations success, based on the industry Critical Success Factors. In this respect, the Board of Directors and the CEO should: have the ability of understanding the process of industry evolution; be able to predict change that would satisfy customers in terms of their expectations and preferences; understand that company Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, is not a one off exercise. Such factors have to be analysed and revised regularly to ensure that the organisations strategy is updated to cater for any changing patters, newly recognized weaknesses or threats and that any potential opportunities are tapped in real time Investment in quality Human Resources contributes towards achieving competitive advantage. Recruitment and selection processes are fundamental for a companys long term success, considering nowadays, the organisations best resources are human resources. Ongoing training and development of employees contributes to high efficiency levels within companies, and in the case of retail, ongoing training and monitoring ensures that high levels of customer service by the organisations employees, is practiced at all times. In the case of a large company as Burger King, standardised and compulsory training ensures that service standardisation is achieved throughout its franchise outlets. Apart from providing ongoing, updated training, companies should seek to develop their staff complement so that their key staff members will improve their skills and will be given the opportunity to be promoted internally and contribute to the companys success, rather than leave the organisation in search for better opportunities. This investment in human resources contributes highly to a companys internal competences, thus to the companys overall success, considering a substantial percentage of Burger Kings (as an example) employees are the chains front liners, providing the service directly to the customer. The way employees are treated at the workplace and the relationships with their superiors, automatically affects their performance and hence the efforts they give. In a way this all depends on the management level and as Foot and Hook (1999) state [] they enhance the willingness and ability of employees to contribute to the achievement of their organisations goal. The level of Information Sharing and Effective Communication within organisations may also be viewed as a fundamental internal competence. Members within an organisation should be informed and should feel part of the organisations success of failure. The Mission and Vision of the company must be clear from top to bottom, otherwise it may result in lack of commitment due to a lack of understanding of the companys goals. Dissemination of information and communication within companies may take different forms ranging from meetings, e-mails, intranet and newsletters. Further advancements in technologies, have reduced communication barriers to a substantial degree, thus communication between the head office, or parents company and its internationally spread businesses, is now even more possible than ever. The use of Skpe, conference calls, video conferencing have contributed to new forms of communication options. Total Quality Management (TQM) emphasises the responsibility of each individual for ensuring high levels of quality throughout the organisation. Commitment and training in this regard will require less supervision and higher levels of commitment. Encouraging Quality Circles, involves having a group of people who meet away from the shop floor to discuss potential improvements in the work systems. Members of quality circles will then analyse the data and set up proposals addressed to senior management for consideration. Achievement of effective Total Quality Management within companies provides results in competitive advantage over competitor organisations since high levels of quality, are the order of the day. Other examples of organisational competences include; innovation, embracing change rather than resisting it and other key characteristics which render a companys product or service distinct from those of direct competitors or substitutes. Organisations must not take their internal competences for granted but must seek to develop them further so as to maintain long-term competitive advantage. Seeking other forms of key internal competences is very important in view of the ever changing market conditions in which organisations operate. Unless organisations have key ingredients distinguishing them from what their competitors are offering, it would be very challenging to operate sustainably and register ongoing growth. Market research including competitor analysis is carried out by companies with the main purpose of identifying any potential threats or new opportunities within the diverse business markets. Unless companies seek to embrace their key competences and improve to maintain mar ket leadership position whenever possible, they will soon be challenged by upcoming competitors. Enterprises across the whole spectrum of the economy are faced with multiple challenges generated within the parameters of national and global economy. Globalisation is resulting in a high degree of economic openness, and to a very large measure, this exposes emerging businesses to vulnerable business scenarios. Ruysseveldt et al (1995) highlighted that In general, companies now face fierce competition, and this in turn affects the employment relationship, which is increasingly subject to the logic of the market. In this regard, organisations which fail in adapting their structures to emerging societies of the market will eventually face a natural death. Subsequently, visionary agile organisations need to capitalise on a proactive approach, in anticipating and responding to change effectively. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the franchising business model used by Burger King. What are the implications of this approach for successful implementation of their strategies? Franchising is a form of business in which the franchiser gives the authority to a franchisee to distribute services, products or methods of business to affiliated dealers. In many cases franchisees are given exclusive access to a particular geographical area. The franchiser usually mandates uniform symbols, trademarks and standardization of services. On the other hand negative macro consequences of franchising include the propensity of franchising to promote anticompetitive distribution systems (Hunt, 1972), the rationalization of consumer choice (Alon, 2004), and the destruction of local customs (Ram, 2004), leading to what has been called the McDonaldization of Society (Ritzer, 1995). Currently Burger King has 3 different forms of franchise schemes, which correspond to 3 different types of franchise ownership: Individual or Owner/ Operator Entity Corporate Individual or owner/ operator ownership was traditionally used for individuals who signed the franchise agreement personally and who were personally responsible for operating the franchise restaurant. Although the individual franchise agreement can be assigned to an operating company under certain conditions, the individual remains personally responsible under the franchise agreement. Entity ownership allows different forms of ownership and management of, and equity investment in the franchisee. Under the Entity ownership program, a corporation, a limited partnership or a limited liability company can directly execute the Entity franchisee scheme if they satisfy Burger Kings guidelines and for approval of franchise ownership distribution plans. Generally, one of the conditions of Entity ownership is that one or more individuals or entities guarantee to be responsible for the franchisee obligations to Burger King out of which one of them has to be designated by Burger Kings approval to be the managing owner who shall be responsible to ensure that they comply to the franchise agreement and has to have enough authority to make certain decisions. Additionally the managing owner must have at least 5% ownership of the franchisee. Corporate ownership franchise scheme occurs when a company with publicly-traded stock or a subsidiary of a publicly-traded company, that controls locations that are not accessible or have limited access to the general public. Such franchisees are typically food service companies that provide a variety of contract feeding services in a institutional location such as government buildings and facilities, airports, bus and train stations, theme parks and zoos. A qualified director of operations who shall be approved by Burger King needs to be appointed who will have certain responsibilities and authority to ensure that the corporate franchisee is complying with the franchise agreement. Although these 3 franchise schemes may slightly vary between them as to responsibilities and setup costs, however in substance they follow the traditional franchise setup that Burger King has adopted through the years. Burger King grants franchisees to operate restaurants using Burger King trademarks, trade dress and other intellectual property rights that it owns, from quality of products and standardization of service. For each franchise restaurant, Burger King enters into a franchise agreement that covers a number of standard terms and conditions that are common to all franchisees. Franchisees incur recurring fees consisting of royalty and advertising payments that range between 3.5% to 5% on monthly gross sales, and a fixed yearly fee that starts from $50,000 depending on the size of franchisee set-up. Burger King offers its franchisees its renowned barbell menu strategy, which gives the franchisees the opportunity to expand on Burger Kings high-margin premium products and value products in order to grow the core drivers of its product offerings. The barbell menu strategy is aimed at driving average check and traffic, since Burger Kings management team believes that by adopting this strategy Burger king is balancing higher margin products with value offerings and at the same time increasing the brand equity of flame-broiled taste. However the fast food industry is highly competitive and some of Burger Kings competitors have greater resources, such as Macdonalds. This leads to a disadvantage when it comes to compete with Macdonalds, since Burger King takes a reactive mode to price changes, furthermore Macdonalds marketing campaigns in general are more effective than Burger Kings. Clearly this gives the competitors a competitive advantage through higher levels of brand awareness among consumers. In addition, our major competitors are also able to devote greater resources to accelerate their restaurant re-modelling and rebuilding efforts, introduce new product and implement advantageous product offerings, which in most cases gives them a competitive edge over Burger King. Furthermore, the market for retail real estate is highly competitive. Due to the economies of scale that Burger Kings competitors managed to achieve, Burger Kings major competitors may have the ability to negotiate more favourable terms and entrepreneurs may offer priority or grant exclusivity to these competitors for more desirable locations. As a result, this may hinder the ability to obtain new franchisees or renew existing agreements. The capital required to grow and maintain Burger King Corporation is primarily funded by franchise agreements, this presents a number of drawbacks in Burger Kings portfolio management strategy, especially when the company currently holds ownership of only 10% of its restaurants. Burger King is planning to significantly reduce the ownership of these restaurants over the next 5 years. This may lead to problematic situations whereby Burger King being the franchisor will have limited influence over franchisees and high reliance on franchisees to implement major initiatives. This may also lead to limited ability to facilitate changes in restaurant ownership, limitations on enforcement of franchise obligations due to bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings and inability or unwillingness of franchisees to participate in our strategic initiatives. On the other hand Burger Kings principal competitors are mainly Macdonalds and Wendys. These have greater influence over their respective franchisees due to the significantly higher percentage of company restaurants and ownership of franchisee real estate that they hold. This may result, that they may have a greater ability to implement operational initiatives and business strategies, including their marketing and advertising programs. While Burger King can mandate certain strategic initiatives through the enforcement of its franchise agreements, they need the actively seek support from its franchisees for a successful implementation of these initiatives. These efforts to build this alignment with its franchisees may result in a delay in the implementation of the marketing and advertising programs. Although the current relationship with its franchisees is positive, there is no assurance that it will continue to be so. In fact Burger King has already been sued by the National Franchisee association, this organisation represents over 50% of Burger Kings franchisees in the United States. This law suit is due to Burger Kings decision to dictate to the U.S. franchisees to sell the 1/4 lb. Double Cheeseburger and the Buck Double burger at $1. This is a clear example whereby Burger Kings failure to win the franchisees support in its marketing programs and strategic initiatives could lead to negatively affect the ability t o implement the strategy that it would have decided to adopt. Burger Kings operating results substantially depend upon its franchisees sales. However, its franchisees are independent operators and they cannot control many factors that impact the profitability of their restaurants. Pursuant to the franchise agreements and their operational manual, Burger King mandate menu items, signage, equipment, hours of operation and value menu, standardization of procedures and approval of suppliers. However, the quality of franchise restaurant operations may be diminished by any number of factors beyond its control. Consequently, franchisees may not successfully operate restaurants in a consistent manner with the mother company standards and requirements. Due to various factors, Burger King as a franchisor may not be able to identify problems and take action quickly enough; as a result, its image and reputation may suffer. Most of Burger Kings franchisee restaurants are presently located on leased premises. As restaurant leases expire, our franchisees may be unable to renegotiate a new lease, on commercially acceptable terms or nothing at all, which could cause a number of its franchisees to close down. As already stated, the fast food industry is intensely competitive and Burger King has to compete both in the U.S. and internationally with a number of established companies on the basis of product choice, quality, affordability, service and location. Burger Kings competitors include a variety of independent operators, in addition to well-capitalized national and international chains and franchises. Furthermore, this industry has few barriers to entry, and therefore new competitors may emerge at any time. Burger Kings ability to compete will mainly depend on the success to improve existing products, to develop new products, effectively respond to consumer preferences and to manage the complexity of its operations as well as the impact of our competitors actions. 3.Using relevant theory and examples to support your answer, critically evaluate the role of leadership in managing cultural and behavioural factors during the execution of a turnaround strategy.    In the rapidly developing modern world and the age of globalization, the concept of organisational change has become more important than ever before. Although it has always been an important feature of organisational life, the place, magnitude and necessity of organisational change has considerably escalated over the past two decades (Arnold, 2005). As Mullins (2007) states, Change is a pervasive influence. It is an inescapable part of both social and organisational life and we are all subject to continual change of one form or another. There exists a multitude of reasons as to why organisations must constantly make changes, both external and internal. Although internal factors play a role, the main pressures faced by companies to change comes from external forces. This is because in order to survive in the corporate world, organisations must be properly prepared to face and respond to the new challenges and opportunities presented by the ever-changing external environment (Mullins, 2007). Many organisations appear to be in a continuous state of change as they are forced to increase the speed with which they respond to the unpredictability of external factors, essential for their survival (Hussey, 2000). One of the most influential forces instigating organisational change today is the rapid rate of globalisation and consequent fierce world competition. With the accelerating emergence of economies such as India and China, Mayle (2006) states that globalisation is no longer an academic discipline or a fringe movement but a business imperative Thus creating the need for constant change and the fact that competition is intensifying, means that organisations cannot simply ignore developments and give advantage to their competitors. Technological change has therefore become extremely significant as the rate of obsolescence increases, a trend that is set to become more significant with the rapid growth of the internet and E-commerce. As Hussey (2000) states, it is unlikely that organisations can introduce new developments without causing changes to skills, jobs, structure and often culture. Another external factor to consider is that the demographic profile of most countries is changing the proportion of older people is increasing relative to the proportion of younger people. This will create huge pressures for organisations, and corporate issues may involve finding ways of dealing with skill shortages, changes in attitudes to the employment of older people and problems of motivation in flat organisational structures which of fer little opportunity for promotion (Hussey, 2000). Other external forces of change relevant to organisations include government intervention, political interests, scarcity of natural resources and the nature of customers. Internal sources of change include innovations, new methods of work, re-locating, training, staff development and the re-allocation of resources and responsibilities (Mullins, 2007). The survival and success of any organisation depends how they choose to adapt to these internal and external demands. It is not about whether to change, but to how and when. Burger King started this process in 1977, by hiring Donald Smith as president and CEO. Smith identified the shortfalls that Burger King was facing at the time. Smith adapted and executed his turnaround strategy, and modelled on the basis of Macdonalds strategy which proofed rather successful. The processes involved in organisational change may differ widely depending on the corporation in question and the current situation that it is facing. However, it is important for all organisations in todays globalised economy to understand the importance of continual change constantly transforming in order to keep up with the changing environment and hence survive in the competitive modern world. The actual changes to an organisation can either be implemented in a planned and systematic fashion, often designed and implemented by consultants, or in a more informal and reactive way, where managers react to situations on a daily basis and implement change accordingly (Tosi, Rizzo Carroll, 1994). The notion of organisational development change that focuses on the whole organisation is concerned with anticipated, planned and consciously designed change that will serve to increase an organisations effectiveness (Cummings and Worley, 2001). Lewins change model provides a fundamental m odel of planned change, which perceives change as a modification of those forces keeping a systems behaviour stable. In this model, Lewin believes that the change process consists of three steps: Unfreezing, Moving and Refreezing. Unfreezing involves diminishing the forces that uphold an organisations current behaviour often done by showing employees the discrepancies between behaviour desired by the organisation and behaviour that is currently displayed. Through a process of psychological disconfirmation members can thereby be motivated to change. The second step, Moving aims to shift the current behaviour of