Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self

The purpose of the research by Judge and Bono was to conduct a review of the literature which studies the correlation between self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism (emotional stability), on the one hand, and job performance and job satisfaction, on the other, and gather information in order to provide a quantitative evaluation of this correlation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study found that each of the four traits had a positive, nonzero relationship to both job performance and job satisfaction (Judge and Bono 81, 82). It is also interesting that the traits have a greater influence on job satisfaction than on job performance (Judge and Bono 83). The authors state that the estimated true score correlations of self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism to job performance were 0.26, 0.23, 0.22, and 0.19, respectively, whereas the correlations of these traits to job satisfaction equaled 0.26, 0.45, 0.32, and 0.24, respectively. One of the most interesting findings is that the self-esteem affects both job satisfaction and job performance virtually to an equal degree, whereas the other three traits affect job satisfaction more. It would appear that e.g. low neuroticism should have more influence on job performance that high self-esteem, for emotional stability seems to be more important to do one’s work properly, but we can see that it is slightly less influential in case of job satisfaction, and has even less effect on job performance. Works Cited Judge, Timothy A., and Joyce E. Bono. â€Å"Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits – Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability – With Job Satisfactio n and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis.† Journal of Applied Psychology 86.1 (2001): 80-92. Print. This case study on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Standardized Testing

Controversy involving education and national standardized testing has always sparked controversies. Does a simple test, which holds such a great deal of significance on a child’s future, sufficient enough? These tests are supposed to be a basis for what all students should know to continue their educations. Education has become a very important subject in political campaigns. With education among the electorate’s top priorities, the phrase â€Å"higher standards† has become ubiquitous in political campaigns across the country. (Gary Orfield). Many politicians have stressed that all children can learn at high levels, where many liberal and civil rights advocates are too concerned about lowering the standards for these tests. Unfortunately, this movement has all to frequently been reduced to a single policy: high stakes testing. (Orfield). These tests are responsible for grade promotion, jobs for graduate students, and even promotions for teachers. President Clinton recommended in his state of the Union address that all students are supplied with materials that help them with these tests. This caused some controversy because people believed that with these materials, it undermined teachers, discriminated against minorities, and affected the teacher student relationship. I agree that students should be able to receive manuals to increase their chances on these tests, but I also feel that if a student knows what is going to be on the test it can hinder his ability to truly learn in those areas. A type of test that has negative feedback is high-stakes tests. The implications of these arguments were serious enough to lead the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University to commission a series of studies on the educational and social impact of high-stakes testing. High-stakes tests attached to grade promotion and high school graduation lead to increased dropout rates. (Orfield). I think if too much emphasis is placed on specif... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Free Essays on Standardized Testing Standardized Testing: Are they Beneficial? Standardized testing is very common statewide for determining the students’ academic knowledge starting form K-12 grade. But what does these score tells us? Are they academically smart because they have high score? Or what if the student maintains good grades working hard in school but receive bad scores on these tests? There are many ambiguous answers to these questions. Standardized testing is bias based on minorities and financially separates the advantage student from higher-income families to score higher than lower income families. These testing also drive excellent teachers away from their profession. However, the question still remains: what does these results tell us how kids are learning? There is a great improvement of students with their scores but there is still a big barrier between minority student such as Latinos and blacks with white students. According to a journal in Student Test Scores, a Wider Gap, African-Americans score increased to 6 points in the SAT verbal and 7 points higher in math in the past 10 years. In comparison, white student’s score jumped 11 points for verbal and 18 points higher in math during the same time interval. This statistic shows that white high school seniors score much higher than any ethnic group than they did decades ago. This shows a large gap between the minorities. Part of the reason is due to cultural and language barrier that these students face. Referring to the journal Tests that Fail Democracy, minority students tend not to do as well â€Å"because they aren’t given the time they need to process information, write essays, and unravel foreign culture they are being asked to identify.† These con flicts lead the students to be discouraged to take these tests that lead a big rate of dropout for minorities. Texas has the rising â€Å"dropout rates especially among black and Hispanic students.† (Texas Law Limits Use of S... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Controversy involving education and national standardized testing has always sparked controversies. Does a simple test, which holds such a great deal of significance on a child’s future, sufficient enough? These tests are supposed to be a basis for what all students should know to continue their educations. Education has become a very important subject in political campaigns. With education among the electorate’s top priorities, the phrase â€Å"higher standards† has become ubiquitous in political campaigns across the country. (Gary Orfield). Many politicians have stressed that all children can learn at high levels, where many liberal and civil rights advocates are too concerned about lowering the standards for these tests. Unfortunately, this movement has all to frequently been reduced to a single policy: high stakes testing. (Orfield). These tests are responsible for grade promotion, jobs for graduate students, and even promotions for teachers. President Clinton recommended in his state of the Union address that all students are supplied with materials that help them with these tests. This caused some controversy because people believed that with these materials, it undermined teachers, discriminated against minorities, and affected the teacher student relationship. I agree that students should be able to receive manuals to increase their chances on these tests, but I also feel that if a student knows what is going to be on the test it can hinder his ability to truly learn in those areas. A type of test that has negative feedback is high-stakes tests. The implications of these arguments were serious enough to lead the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University to commission a series of studies on the educational and social impact of high-stakes testing. High-stakes tests attached to grade promotion and high school graduation lead to increased dropout rates. (Orfield). I think if too much emphasis is placed on specif... Free Essays on Standardized Testing In the article â€Å"The High-Stakes Testing...† Gary Orfield and Johanna Wald, both researchers at Harvard Graduate School, state that the policy of high-stakes testing was first conceived to help raise the educational standards but has only discriminated against high poverty and minority students. Public concern has caused political campaigns to discuss standardized testing policies in recent years. According to Orfield and Wald, public interest leaders feel that citizens want to hold the school systems accountable for the inequality of standardized tests, which are causing some educational advocates to show concern that some teachers will lower their standards so students scores will improve. Orfield and Wald suggest that the reform movement of high stakes testing has worsened the educational problem; that tests are unfair to minority students, â€Å"undermine teachers,† and refuse high school graduation to students who do not pass a one-shot test (1). Moreover, many teacher and principal’s salaries rely on standardized tests, which may have the effect of many high poverty schools wanting to hire uncertified and inexperienced teachers who teach test preparation. Also, Orfield and Wald point out that high stakes testing narrows the curriculum by teaching to the test. This is where teachers only educate the basic points of learning needed to pass a test instead of examining topics from different points of view over a period of time. Many students are taught how to pass the test, but do not comprehend the material. This way of teaching is seen mostly in high poverty schools where the population is made up of minority and poor students. Among the poverty-stricken students are mostly black males who are the ones that are â€Å"disproportionately represented† among those held back and denied a diploma (2). Furthermore, high-stakes testing causes an increase in dropout rates, especially among minorities. In fact, nine out of t... Free Essays on Standardized Testing Standardized testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, Regents Exams, and the ACT. â€Å"Three kinds of standardized tests are used frequently in schools: achievement, diagnostic, and aptitude† (Woolfolk 550). Achievement tests can be used to help a teacher assess a student’s strengths and weaknesses in a particular subject. Diagnostic tests are typically given to elementary school students when learning problems are suspected. Aptitude tests are designed to predict how a student will perform in the future. For example, the SAT predicts performance in the first year of college. Standardized tests give educators a standard measure or â€Å"yardstick† because such a large number of students across the country take the same test. These tests are used to tell how well school programs are doing or to give a picture of the skills and abilities of students. Standardized tests; however, are problematic at all ages and levels of schooling. Standardized aptitude tests measure students’ abilities to learn in school, how well they are likely to succeed in future education. Rather than measuring knowledge of subjects taught in school, these tests measure a broad range of abilities or skills that are considered important to succeed in school. The classroom setting and teacher are the key to assessment. â€Å"Pressure to produce higher scores leads teachers to focus on material that will be covered by the tests and to exclude everything else. The curriculum is thereby narrowed, which means that some subjects are ignored. Within thos...

CoSchedule For Agencies The Way to Organize Client Projects

For Agencies The Way to Organize Client Projects Ahh†¦ the double-edged sword of managing multiple clients. More clients = more positive growth  ($$$) 💠°Ã°Å¸â€™ °Ã°Å¸â€™ ° but it also means Keeping track of MORE  projects†¦ more  goals†¦ more  industry guidelines + brand standards†¦ AND more  deadlines! All of which you must  become intimately acquainted with  and orchestrate  with precision Introducing, your NEW secret weapon: for Agencies. Manage All Your Clients In One Place. Eliminate the need for spreadsheets, email threads, and multiple platforms! Get all your clients under one roof. Simplify Your Team’s Workflows Collaboration. Easily facilitate real time collaboration with your clients, stay on track with client tasks, and execute on projects faster. Create Campaigns Social Content For One Client (Or Many). Schedule dozens of social messages in seconds + streamline the collaboration process between your internal and client teams with everything in one place. Improve Client Retention With Data. No more warm fuzzies! Prove the value of all your hard work with real data! Utilize ’s Social Engagement Report to measure your success and improve client retention. Customize To Fit Your Client’s Needs. is designed for flexibility. As your clientele grows, so should your tool. With the Agency pack, you’ll get ’s Multiple Calendars feature; allowing you to create unique calendars + analytic reports for every client. The Growth Plan + Agency Pack gives you (and your team) the tools to keep track of every client and every project in one place.

How has Iranian Cinema Destabilised the Political Structure Dissertation

How has Iranian Cinema Destabilised the Political Structure - Dissertation Example From the research it is clear that Iranian cinema has survived complicated transformation and oppressive restrictions that corresponds with the tumultuous socio-political experiences of the country itself. Emerging from one restrictive regime and entering yet another era of restriction, Iranian cinema has suffered through various degrees of oppression ranging from rejection by Islamic clerics on the grounds that Iranian films are instruments of Western corruption to simple rejection on the grounds that Iranian films do not portray Iran in an idealistic light. At the same time, Iranian cinema has also been utilized by Islamic clerics and regime leaders as a propaganda tool to influence popular thought and behavior. Despite the socio-political challenges, Iranian cinema has gained a reputation characterising it as among the world’s â€Å"most innovative national cinemas†. The success of Iranian cinema is largely attributed to its advanced artistry and its socio-political narratives. Contemporary and more especially, post-revolutionary film-making in Iran presents a mirror image of daily life and social and political issues in Iran. Thus the new Iranian Cinema has been described as capturing and sharing an â€Å"open image† of Iranian society and politics. Thus it has been argued that contemporary Iranian cinema has essentially humanized the people of Iran for both national and international audiences. ... nema 31 The Green Movement 42 Arab Spring 45 Bibliography 48 Filmography 50 Introduction Iranian cinema has survived complicated transformation and oppressive restrictions that corresponds with the tumultuous socio-political experiences of the country itself. Emerging from one restrictive regime and entering yet another era of restriction, Iranian cinema has suffered through various degrees of oppression ranging from rejection by Islamic clerics on the grounds that Iranian films are instruments of Western corruption to simple rejection on the grounds that Iranian films do not portray Iran in an idealistic light. At the same time, Iranian cinema has also been utilized by Islamic clerics and regime leaders as a propaganda tool to influence popular thought and behaviour (Gregory, 2008). Despite the socio-political challenges, Iranian cinema has gained a reputation characterising it as among the world’s â€Å"most innovative national cinemas† (Blankson & Murphy, 2007, p. 14 4). The success of Iranian cinema is largely attributed to its advanced artistry and its socio-political narratives (Ridgeon, 2000, p. 3). Contemporary and more especially, post-revolutionary film-making in Iran presents a mirror image of daily life and social and political issues in Iran. Thus the new Iranian Cinema has been described as capturing and sharing an â€Å"open image† of Iranian society and politics (Chaudhuri & Finn, 2003, p. 38). Thus it has been argued that contemporary Iranian cinema has essentially humanized the people of Iran for both national and international audiences (Zeydabadi-Nejad, 2010, p. 1). It can therefore be argued that the humanized image of the people of Iran by the aesthetic and realistic representations of social and political issues have worked together to destabilise

Pestle for contemporary issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pestle for contemporary issues - Essay Example But if the political equations are like the ones’ prevailing amongst some of the nations in the Middle East or the gulf region, it adversely affects the hospitality sector. Similarly we must not forget the deep cut in hospitality industry in the aftermath of 9/11. Economic: Today we are in an era when the power of a nation is being assessed not by its military arsenal but by its economic strength instead. Economic factors have forced many traditional rival nations to adopt friendly policies in order to have better economic exchanges. Such understanding leads to firming of business partnerships, furthering market friendly policies and encouraging visits of business tycoons. Business summits, seminars, expositions, meetings too augur well for the hospitality industry. Socio-cultural: If two nations have similar socio-cultural patterns, mutual understanding and cultural exchanges amongst the citizens, the hospitality industry will be happy to host a number of visitors from across the borders. Similarly, if there are lots of cultural activities within the country, even then the hospitality industry benefits a lot. But if the society adopts some kind of preventive measures or the cultural heritage is not allowed to bloom, the hospitality industry is bound to suffer. Technological: Technology is indeed redefining the way we interact, we travel, we offer our services etc. Considering the good old days when there were no aeroplanes, ships used to take months to complete intercontinental journeys. But today, supersonic jumbo-jets have reduced this travel to some hours. Similarly, the facilities that have been offered by the information technology have brought the world closer. Now one can plan of his visit to Beijing for the Olympic games, by sitting in his home in London. The hospitality industry of China will be happy to him during the game by making all arrangements well in time. Legal: The law of

Solution to World Poverty Essay Example for Free

Solution to World Poverty Essay Try to imagine when you became a homeless child who is facing death because of starvation, would not you want a piece of bread from a kind man? In the article The Singer Solution to World Poverty Peter Singer talks about whether we should save poor children or not by donating money. In his article, Singer helps us realize our response for the deaths of children in poor families by asking the reader to consider hypothetical situations and put these moral issues into real life. In the long run, simply donating money to poor countries do not solve the problem. In my opinion, we should help the poor children to make their own living, by spending our money on popularization of education and health care in the poor countries. In the first few paragraphs, Singer uses examples from the Brazilian film Central Station and basically says that in America and other countries, people are more likely to condemn people who do not donate. For example, people who might have been quick condemn Dora if she had not rescued the boy actually go back to places far more comfortable than Doras apartment after the movie ends. This suggests that people who are able to help the poor children do not take actions to help them. Therefore, we should start to help poor children by donating money to the charity rather than wait for someone else to do it. Like the author says Donated to one of a number of charitable agencies, that money could mean the difference between life and death for children in need. Another example from the article was authors analysis of Living High and Letting Die by Peter Unger. The example is about close-to-retirement Bob, who chooses not to throw the switch that would have directed the train to another track and saved childs life. In the same manner, it is very wrong of us for not calling the charity number listed on P299 after seeing it, because we chose not making the phone call while we could have saved one childs life by making it. According to the author Now you, too have the information you need to save childs life. How should you judge yourself if you dont do it? In our real life, it is understandable that people prefer to do nothing, because I did not call that charity neither. However, our problem is that we tend to rely on the majority, because nobody will blame the majority. In this case, some people might ask then why should we donate our money to the charity while the majority is not willing to do so? The author calls this follow-the-crowd ethics-the kind of ethics that led many Germans to look away when the Nazi atrocities were being committed. We do not excuse them because others were behaving no better. However, I do not agree with Singers opinion that we should donate everything beyond necessities, where Singer says An American household with an income of $50,000 spends around $30,000 annually on necessities, according to the Conference BoardTherefore, for a household bringing in $50,000 a year, donations to help the worlds poor should be as close as possible to $20,000. However, we save one child by donating $200 as the author suggests, one life saves one life, fair and kind enough. Since we are living in real world, we should look towards reality, and the reality is that every one of us is selfish. For example, a guy chooses to go to a local Pizza restaurant every Friday night with his weekly extra income, lets assume $25 approximately. Suddenly, he is required to donate all of that 25 dollars to a local charity. Imagine what might happen to that guy, it will certainly take him a while to get used to not eat in that pizza restaurant anymore. Donating someones extra income means giving up certain habits supported by that part of the income, and it could be just as difficult as persuading a smoker to give up smoking. Therefore, we all need to donate money, but not everything beyond necessities. Now, here comes an important question: what do people really need in these poor countries? If I only donate $200, are those money really going to change a childs life? The answer is depended on what organization you are donating to. According to Garrett Hardin, in his article Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor he is trying to convince the readers not to donate, because the worlds resources are inequitably distributed. and We cannot safely divide the wealth equitably among all peoples so long as reproduce at different rates. To do so would guarantee that our grandchildren, and everyone elses grandchildren, would have only a ruined world to inhabit. Therefore, in the long run, by simply donating money or resource (especially foods), we are making the population growth differential between poor and rich countries even bigger. Thus, we should let them suffer now in order to make a brighter life for their future generation and ours. However, according to Hardin, there is one exception: instead of giving poor people fish, we can teach them how to fish, so that they will be able to make their own living in the future. For example, we can spend our money on popularizing education and health care in poor countries, so we are helping poor children to create their own survival abilities. In the end, we should clarify the value of 200 dollars: it might be nothing for rich people to spend that amount on a luxury dinner (some of the top restaurants charge even more than that) in this case the value of $200 might be tasty foods and a comfortable environment. Now, lets save this $200 and give it to an oversea aid organization assuming the money is directly spent on saving one sick childs life. In this case, the value of $200 is certainly more than a good meal. Therefore, we should definitely donate part of our extra income, but not everything beyond necessities. Furthermore, the money should be spent popularizing education and health care in poor countries. When you see your $200 has made a little difference in the life of a poor children, dont you feel happy? and dont you think that together as a whole we can make world better so we should start giving? CITATION Peter Singer. The Singer Solution to World Poverty The Norton Mix. Boston University. New York, 2012. P296-303. Print. Garrett Hardain. Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor The Norton Mix. Boston University. New York, 2012. P158-160. Print.

Analysis of My Last Duchess and The Laboratory Essay -- Robert Brownin

â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"The Laboratory† are two very diverse yet similar poems written by Robert Browning within the period of three years. In this essay I am going to carefully consider the techniques, language and imagery that Browning uses in these two poems. I am also going to compare the two poems together and how Browning creates the voice and character of the persona in each poem. My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning in 1842. The poem is a dramatic monologue. The poem flows as there are mid-line pauses (caesura) rather than the poem coming to a halt at the end of each line. I think this is deliberate from Browning to make the poem flow more easily. The poem begins by the Duke merely showing his collection of art and various works to his emissary. He then comes to a lifelike portrait of his own wife who is now dead. In my opinion the Duke remembers her as no less than a piece of art that has been created by his orders. This is a general pattern throughout the poem where the Duke considers himself to be the most prestigious man who has ever lived. He believes that men are the dominant race above women. He is a complete image of sexism in his time. Browning keeps some of the imagery vague in the poem I believe this is to leave the reader of the poem to think themselves about the attitude of the Duke. You could perhaps say that he has a flirtatious wife who treasures others gifts as she treats the Duke’s. You could suggest that she may have had affairs with these other men but Browning leaves this to our imagination. I believe the Duke is an unstable man whose jealousy drives him to the limit to eventually finish his wife off. He believes that total control was a natural thing for him. Moving on to the Laboratory. ... ... the reader thinking about the poem in whatever way they like. Similarly with â€Å"My last duchess† Robert browning deliberately leaves some text vague yet some vivid to pose questions to the reader. He uses plenty of metaphors in both poems. I think this is again for the same reason which has been mentioned earlier. He is definitely trying to give the reader a thought but he leaves the thought abruptly for us to imagine about it. In my opinion this pattern is very frequent throughout the two poems. To arrive at my conclusion all these techniques work together extremely well in both poems to give some of the greatest poems of his time. These two poems are especially recognised for the language, imagery and techniques that the poet uses to create a feeling of jealousy and disgust of the reactions of both the Duke in â€Å"My Last Duchess† and the Woman in â€Å"The Laboratory.†

Why Company Go Public

REASON FOR PT. BANK CENTRAL ASIA, Tbk TO GO PUBLIC INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING William1140004383 BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER MANAJEMEN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BINUS UNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2010 List of Content List of Content2 Definition3 Reasons for listing3 Advantages of an IPO5 Disadvantages of an IPO5 Procedure6 Bank Central Asia History7 Bibliography9 Definition An initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is, as it sounds, the first sale of a company’s shares to the public and the listing of the shares on a stock exchange. In the UK, IPOs are often referred to as flotation. IPO was originally an American term but is now used across all world markets. The shares offered may be existing ones held privately, or the company may issue new shares to offer to the public. Companies choose to offer shares to the public to raise new capital for the company; to widen the shareholder base of the company; to give the shareholders a liquid market in which to trade their share; achieve the publicity that a public listing brings. Companies might choose to list on the market by a private placing of shares to institutions rather than a public offering. There have been several online flotation sometimes referred to as EPOs (Electronics Public Offerings). Many companies that undertake an IPO also request the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter to help them correctly assess the value of their shares, that is, the share price. Whoever is raising the funds, the process of flotation is arduous, involves significant time commitments from the company’s management and advisor (investment bankers, stockbrokers and solicitors amongst others), and is not cheap. This effort is expended in order to raise the cash required at a price that keeps both the vendor and the purchaser of the shares happy. Reasons for listing When a company lists its securities on a public exchange, the money paid by investors for the newly issued shares goes directly to the company (in contrast to a later trade of shares on the exchange, where the money passes between investors). An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap a wide pool of investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt or working capital. A company selling common shares is never required to repay the capital to investors. Once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares via a secondary offering, thereby again providing itself with capital for expansion without incurring any debt. This ability to quickly raise large amounts of capital from the market is a key reason many companies seek to go public. The three main interested parties in an IPO (the vendor, the company, and the investor) have complementary objectives. The Company will want to: * Maximize proceeds * Build broad and stable ownership base Raise its profile * Facilitate future fund raising and possibly future acquisitions * Ensure that there is a good liquidity in secondary market trading * Be seen as launching a successful IPO. The Vendor, or selling shareholder, wants to: * Maximize proceeds * Maximize value of retained interest/share price performance * Be seen as part of a successful transaction Investors will want to: * Maximize sh are price return (short and long-term) * Broaden and diversify portfolio * Accumulate a position not easily found in the secondary market Companies undertake an IPO for one of two reasons: To raise capital for the company’s use (a ‘primary’ offering). * To raise funds for the existing shareholders (including venture capitalist and governments, as in privatizations, etc. ) (a ‘secondary’ offering). The terms primary offering or primary issue and secondary offering or secondary issue are often used to classify the recipient of the proceeds. Proceeds from a primary offering go to the company – it creates and issues new shares for sale to the public. Secondary offering sells existing shares to the public. Many IPOs combine primary and secondary offerings. In general, capital raising IPOs are undertaken in order to: * Raise cash in order to expand the business of the company, or * Reduce the debt levels (leverage or gearing) of the company. The decision to go public for many companies is a strategic decision, not just a fund raising decision. The IPO process can be a catalyst for developing the company’s strategy more fully. It can also be seen as the final step in the financial development of a company. Reasons for secondary sales include: * Sale by entrepreneur * Succession * Tax and other personal reasons * ‘Cashing in’ * Sale by professional investors Venture capitalists and private investors seeking an ‘exit’ * Reverse LBOs * Funds required by parent company/major shareholder * Demutualization and introductions * Privatizations of state-owned enterprises. * Raising funds for the treasury. * Imposing private market disciplines on management and workers – thereby increasing efficiency and serv ice to customers. * Fostering a shareholders democracy. * Winning votes (although this is not explicitly stated). Advantages of an IPO The advantages of going public include: * Liquidity and increased share price * Management and employee motivation Enhanced image/prestige * Access to alternative source of capital * Ancillary benefits Advantages of investing internationally: * More securities and industries to choose from – even large markets don’t have shares in every sector. * Greater returns – many emerging markets provide higher rates of return than do more mature markets and some markets may not be as efficient as others, allowing professional investors an advantage. * Reduction of risk – not all national stock markets advance (or decline) at the same time. Therefore international diversification may reduce risk in an investor’s portfolio. Liquidity – some institutions demand significant liquidity in their portfolios, which can only be met by investing in the largest global companies. * Single European currency – many investors now look at the Eurozone as a single country for portfolio purposes. An investor in France, for example, no longer considers France to be his home market; the entire Eurozone is now treated as the domestic market. Disadvantages of an IPO There are several disadvantages to completing an initial public offering, namely: * Significant legal, accounting and marketing costs Ongoing requirement to disclose financial and business information * Meaningful time, effort and attention required of senior management * Risk that required funding will not be raised * Public dissemination of information which may be useful to competitors, suppliers and customers Disadvantages if selling to and maintaining an international investor base: * Cost and complexity * Increased disclosure requirements * Flow back Procedure The new issue process has five stages: * Corporate issues Some of general issues that company need to take care: The corporate structure and domicile will need to be determined. * Determining the timetable is also important. * Determining membership of the board of directors. * Employee participation. * Shareholder agreements and lockups. * Offering structure The main listing choices of offering structure that face a company are: * Which local exchange should it choose? * Should the company bypass the local market entirely? * Should the issuer consider multiple listings: in its home market and on an international exchange? * Regulation and documentation Marketing, pricing, and allocation In general marketing process consists of: * Pre-marketing * Developing the investment case * Preparing the market * Preparing the management * Initial research published (where permitted) * Marketing * Setting the price range * Filling the preliminary prospectus * Sales briefing * Roadshow and ‘one-on-one’ * Sales/research follow-up * Book building * Pricing and allocat ion * Setting the price There are three approaches to the pricing of an offering: * Book building * Fixed price * Auction/render offer * Allocation * Stabilization * Aftermarket The first question that needs to be answered when a company wants to do IPO is â€Å"is the company ready to go public? † Whether a company ready or not to go public is not determined by age, but determined on the ability to present a compelling investment case, which is made up of many components, chief among them being: * Capability of management * Financial track record * Industry prospects and growth potential * Position within industry/competition * Valuation/comparative value. The offering process for an IPO will be necessarily more complex than that of a secondary offering. Many of the strategic issues that need to be addressed only apply to companies issuing shares to the public for the first time. * Preparing the documentation is easier IPOs generally involve one or more investment banks known as â€Å"underwriters†. The company offering its shares, called the â€Å"issuer†, enters a contract with a lead underwriter to sell its shares to the public. The underwriter then approaches investors with offers to sell these shares. The sale (allocation and pricing) of shares in an IPO may take several forms. Common methods include: * Best efforts contract Firm commitment contract * All-or-none contract * Bought deal * Dutch auction Bank Central Asia History PT. Bank Central Asia was first found on 21 February 1957 as Bank Central Asia NV. A lot of things have happened since then – the most significant of all being perhaps the Asian monetary crisis in 1997. Here are the histories of BCA from 1997 until BCA do the IPO in May 2000: * 14-15 November 1997, BCA’s customer makes a rush of BCA because Soedono Salim alias Liem Sioe Liong, its majority shareholder, rumored dead. The new rush subsides after Liem appear in public. 18 May 1998 until beginning of June 1998 BCA’s customer back to panic after the riots of May, so do the rush. As a result, BCA limiting customer withdrawals, via cashier Rp. 5 million, Rp. 500 thousand v ia ATM Silver, and ATM Gold is Rp. 1 million. * 28 May 1998, BCA officially became â€Å"patient† of Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN). Bank of Indonesia inject funds up to 200 percent of BCA’s capital. Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) took over the authority of directors and commissioners of BCA and form a team led by Director of Bank BRI, DE Setiyoso. 25 August 1998, Government announced that the deadline of completion of Bantuan Liquiditas Bank Indonesia (BLBI) by the old owner is 21 September 1999. * 22 September 1998, Head of BPPN, Glenn MS Yusuf, states that Salim Group accept the obligation to pay Rp. 35 trilliun to his side. With this agreement, the shares of the Salim Group transferred to BPPN with its cash and property. The government has 92. 8 percent shares of BCA and the rest is owned by Salim Group and several other parties. * 29 September 1998, Head of BPPN, Glenn MS Yusuf, said the government will inject capital considered sufficient to meet the category of healthy banks. This funding will be converted into shares of government. * 23 April 1999, BPPN said government would sell its share in BCA to the public and after that the shares will be offered to the strategic investors. * 4 February 2000, BCA register its plan for sell the shares to Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal. BCA plans to sell 42 percent of its share. * 22 February 2000, BPPN suddenly delaying the implementation of BCA share offering to the fiscal year 2000 (April – December 2000) with reason that the BCA’s IPO preparation need more time. 3 March 2000, BPPN declared that BPPN unsure to get Rp. 3 trillion from these stock offering. * 10 April 2000, President Director of BCA, DE Setijoso, declared the maximum number of shares of BCA’s share that offered by Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) reached 883. 2 million shares. While the range of BCA’s share on IPO ranges from Rp. 1. 350 – Rp. 1. 750 per sheet. It means, the maximum acquisition target of BPPN r eached Rp. 1. 5456 trillion about half of the target. * 27 April 2000, BPPN officially returns BCA from BPPN to BI. With this return to BI BCA, then BCA became the first bank that came back from recovery state of BPPN. From the history of BCA from 14 November 1997 to 27 April 2000, we can conclude that reason for BCA to go public is because of the crisis that happened in BCA that happen 2 times that caused by: 1. Soedono Salim alias Liem Sioe Liong, its majority shareholder, rumored dead. 2. The riots in May 1998. So that BCA need to go public to get fund injection to recover the financial condition of BCA. Bibliography Geddes, Ross. IPOs and equity offerings. Burlington : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. financeglossary† Great Investor Network. 7 January 2011 â€Å"::BCA::† PT. Bank Central Asia. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Tempointeractive. com – Perjalanan BCA sejak 1997† Tempo Interaktif 26 Februari 2002. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Initial Public Offering† Wikipedia. 7 January 2011 â€Å"Bank Central Asia† Wikipedia. 7 January 2011

Life & Wessex King Essay

Life in the past was characterized with lots of battles between rival territories. This resulted to the rise of powerful empires and the measure of power during those days was through the number of wars fought. Warriors of those days were called Vikings. A Viking also denotes a pirate, merchant or explorer. These Norsemen normally used long ships to travel in the sea to all the places of their interest and used the same vessels to fight their enemies. The Vikings are traced to have originated in the early 17th century in the German territory. The initiator of Vikings in the Iceland is Erik the red. He lived all his life ruling his people after which his son picked the mantle from him (Gwyn, J. 2000). SCANDINAVIA The term Scandinavia is both a historical a major geographical part in the world. There exist also a people who are identified as the Scandinavians. According to the geographical setting, Scandinavia is located in the Northern Europe, a place called Scandinavian Peninsula. The kingdoms that existed in the Scandinavian region include: Finland, Norway and partly Denmark. A lot of research done also reveal that Sweden and Iceland also form part of this robust history. All these regions put together are further referred to as Nordic region. The geographical orientation of Scandinavia is rather ambiguous. The region spreads from the Norwegian Fjords all the way to the low areas in Denmark through the Scandinavian Mountains and to the archipelagos of Sweden and Norway. This region has diverse group of people and for this reason, there exist more that one dialect. The languages that were spoken in these regions included Norway, Sweden and Denmark dialects. These people usually understood each other and thus had mutual understanding. DO THE VIKINGS RIGHTFULLY DESERVE THE REPUTATION THAT THEY WERE CRUEL, MURDEROUS BARBARIANS? WHY? WHY NOT? The Vikings performed most of their ventures through wars. It is evident that a normal way of dressing was to be attire that is characteristic of a warrior. The males had war uniforms all the time. From the first time that the Vikings entered a territory, war had to be fought. It is mandatory that people must die in the event of war. The death of people was so common to these northern tribes that any one could talk of them to be cruel and murderous. Other ventures like sea piracy and looting were associated with brutality and blood shed. The victims of such encounters were left counting their losses if they were not dead. Erik who is one of the founders of the Vikings movement was actually observed to murder many people in his native land until he was expelled to go to exile, the result which led to the discovery of Ice land. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF WESSEX, IN REGARD TO THE VIKINGS IN ENGLAND. The Wessex territory was known for its great power during the year 878. This territory had great potential that any attacker could admire. Te Wessex King of that time planed for a very efficient army that was to fight and defeat the Viking warriors. This king managed to resist the Vikings and with time became pronounced as Alfred the great. His territory was a centre for trade, commerce and administration. The Vikings however invaded this land and took loots from it as usual. The Wessex region acted as a real opposition to the advances of the Vikings. Every one feared the Vikings. The sight of these raiders approaching a region would send cold shivers down the guts of every king. King Alfred however managed to escape them, even though he was later cornered. The Wessex region became a home of habitation to some Vikings although others separated from the settling camp and continued with invasion. Wessex became a point mark towards bringing an end to the Viking advances in war. HOW DID THE VIKINGS CONTRIBUTE TO THE BREAK-UP OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE? The Vikings were a major threat to the kings during the Viking age. The Vikings attached Carolingian empire in the year 885 and 886 leading to the defeat of their kings. In 845, the Viking warriors sailed to seine in France and attacked it. The end result of this was a defeat to the Carolingian empire and the kings that followed were just puppet rulers who were initiated by the Vikings. This led to the fall of this empire and it took along time to come up again. EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS PHASES INVOLVED IN VIKING RAIDS. Vikings mainly had 3 phases of raids. The very first phase said to have lasted from 790-840. The Vikings used very shallow draught long ships. They always used these ships because they were suitable majorly for surprise attacks in the coastal towns. The size of these vessels was so small so that the Vikings could rush and attack very fast. With this they attacked Frisia and Aquitane. The second level of attacks occurred between 841 and 875 and the number of raids increased. The Vikings attacked by killing or enslaving their victims. With this, the attacks proceeded to the Mediterranean Sea. 876 to 911 saw the introduction of the third phase. With this, the Vikings started to invade frnce and other parts of Europe. They also developed their own fleets that were used to attack distance empires.

Arrepentirse Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples

Arrepentirse Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples The Spanish verb arrepentirse  is frequently translated as to regret or to feel sorry, although it can also mean to repent. In some contexts, it can also refer to simply changing ones mind, as when someone backs out of a deal or contract. The tables below show  arrepentirse  conjugations in the present, past and future tenses, in both the indicative and subjunctive forms. The charts also include the imperative, participle, and gerund forms. How to Conjugate Arrepentirse Arrepentirse is a reflexive verb derived from arrepentir, which is almost never used nonreflexively. When used reflexively, it requires the reflexive pronouns  me, te, se, nos, and os, as seen in the conjugation charts. Arrepentirse  is irregular in two ways. The -e- of the stem changes to -ie- when stressed. And when unstressed, the -e- sometimes changes to -i-. The irregularities affect all of the subjunctive (present and imperfect) and negative imperative forms. A few forms in the indicative present and preterite are also affected, as well as the gerund. Present Indicative of Arrepentirse The present tense indicates that an action is happening now or that it happens generally or habitually. Yo me arrepiento I regret Yo no me arrepiento de nada. T te arrepientes You regret T te arrepientes por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepiente You/he/she regrets l se arrepiente de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentimos We regret Nosotros nos arrepentimos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepents You regret Vosotros os arrepents de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepienten You/they regret Ellos se arrepienten de haber apoyado al presidente. Arrepentirse Preterite The preterite is a type of past tense that refers to actions that came to a definite end, much like the English past tense ending in -ed for regular verbs. Yo me arrepent I regretted Yo no me arrepent de nada. T te arrepentiste You regretted T te arrepentiste por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepinti You/he/she regretted l se arrepinti de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentimos We regretted Nosotros nos arrepentimos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentisteis You regretted Vosotros os arrepentisteis de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintieron You/they regretted Ellos se arrepintieron de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperfect Indicative Form of Arrepentirse The imperfect is another type of past tense. Its usage is similar to the constructions used to verb or was verb -ing in English. Yo me arrepenta I was regretting Yo no me arrepenta de nada. T te arrepentas You were regretting T te arrepentas por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepenta You/he/she was regretting l se arrepenta de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentamos We were regretting Nosotros nos arrepentamos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentais You were regretting Vosotros os arrepentais de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentan You/they were regretting Ellos se arrepentan de haber apoyado al presidente. Arrepentirse Future Tense Yo me arrepentir I will regret Yo no me arrepentir de nada. T te arrepentirs You will regret T te arrepentirs por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se arrepentir You/he/she will regret l se arrepentir de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos arrepentiremos We will regret Nosotros nos arrepentiremos por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os arrepentiris You will regret Vosotros os arrepentiris de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentirn You/they will regret Ellos se arrepentirn de haber apoyado al presidente. Periphrastic Future of Arrepentirse The reflexive pronoun of the periphrastic future can come before the conjugated form of  the verb  ir (to go), as shown below, or attached to arrepentir. Thus, the first example sentence in the chart could have been written as Yo no voy a arrepentirme de nada. The method shown below is more common. Yo me voy a arrepentir I am going to regret Yo no me voy a arrepentir de nada. T te vas a arrepentir You are going to regret T te vas a arrepentir por tus crmenes. Usted/l/ella se va a arrepentir You/he/she is going to regret l se va a arrepentir de todo lo que ha hecho. Nosotros nos vamos a arrepentir We are going to regret Nosotros nos vamos a arrepentir por nuestros pecados. Vosotros os vais a arrepentir You are going to regret Vosotros os vais a arrepentir de no haberme escuchado. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se van a arrepentir You/they are going to regret Ellos se van a arrepentir de haber apoyado al presidente. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Arrepentirse It is common to attach the reflexive pronoun to the gerund (also called a present participle) as shown below. It is also possible to place the pronoun in front of the verb phrase, so the sentence below also could have been rendered as Él se est arrepintiendo de todo lo que ha hecho. Gerund of Arrepentir est arrepintià ©ndose -  Is regretting Él est arrepintià ©ndose de todo lo que ha hecho. Past Participle of Arrepentirse As with other past participles, arrepentido can function as an adjective, in this case meaning repentant or otherwise feeling sorry. Participle of Arrepentir se ha arrepentido -  Has regretted Él se ha arrepentido  de todo lo que ha hecho. Conditional Form of Arrepentirse Yo me arrepentira I would regret Si fuera t, yo no me arrepentira de nada. T te arrepentiras You would regret T te arrepentiras por tus crmenes si fueras sincera. Usted/l/ella se arrepentira You/he/she would regret l se arrepentira de todo lo que ha hecho, pero no quiere ir a la crcel. Nosotros nos arrepentiramos We would regret Nosotros nos arrepentiramos por nuestros pecados, pero no hemos cometido errores. Vosotros os arrepentirais You would regret Vosotros os arrepentirais de no haberme escuchado si fuereis inteligentes. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepentiran You/they would regret Ellos se arrepentiran de haber apoyado al presidente, pero les gusta su personalidad. Present Subjunctive of Arrepentirse Que yo me arrepienta That I regret Es lamentable que yo no me arrepienta de nada. Que t te arrepientas That you regret El juez quiere que t te arrepientas por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepienta That you/he/she regret Sofa quiere que l se arrepienta de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintamos That we regret Mam quiere que nosotros nos arrepintamos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintis That you regret Quiero que vosotros os arrepintis de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepientan That you/they regret Me alegra que ellos se arrepientan de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperfect Subjunctive Form of Arrepentirse There is very seldom any difference in meaning between the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive shown below, although the first option is more common. Option 1 Que yo me arrepintiera That I regretted Era lamentable que yo no me arrepintiera de nada. Que t te arrepintieras That you regretted El juez quera que t te arrepintieras por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepintiera That you/he/she regretted Sofa quera que l se arrepintiera de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintiramos That we regretted Mam quera que nosotros nos arrepintiramos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintierais That you regretted Yo quera que vosotros os arrepintierais de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintieran That you/they regretted Me alegra que ellos se arrepintieran de haber apoyado al presidente. Option 2 Que yo me arrepintiese That I regretted Era lamentable que yo no me arrepintiese de nada. Que t te arrepintieses That you regretted El juez quera que t te arrepintieses por tus crmenes. Que usted/l/ella se arrepintiese That you/he/she regretted Sofa quera que l se arrepintiese de todo lo que ha hecho. Que nosotros nos arrepintisemos That we regretted Mam quera que nosotros nos arrepintisemos por nuestros pecados. Que vosotros os arrepintieseis That you regretted Yo quera que vosotros os arrepintieseis de no haberme escuchado. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se arrepintiesen That you/they regretted Me alegra que ellos se arrepintiesen de haber apoyado al presidente. Imperative Forms of Arrepentirse The reflexive pronoun is attached to affirmative commands but comes before negative commands. Imperative (Positive Command) T arrepintete Regret! Arrepintete por tus crmenes! Usted arrepintase Regret! Arrepintase de todo lo que ha hecho! Nosotros arrepintmonos Lets regret! Arrepintmonos por nuestros pecados! Vosotros arrepentos Regret! Arrepentos de no haberme escuchado! Ustedes arrepintanse Regret! Arrepintanse de haber apoyado al presidente! Imperative (Negative Command) T no te arrepientas Dont regret! No te arrepientas por tus crmenes! Usted no se arrepienta Dont regret! No se arrepienta de todo lo que ha hecho! Nosotros no nos arrepintamos Lets not regret! No nos arrepintamos por nuestros pecados! Vosotros no os arrepintis Dont regret! No os arrepintis por no haberme escuchado! Ustedes no se arrepientan Dont regret! No se arrepientan de haber apoyado al presidente!

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work The transition out of college and into working life can be a bumpy one. There’s more competition for fewer jobs than ever. Here are 4 tips for how to maximize your chances of a smooth path  into your career. 1. Find an Internship Early OnA challenging internship in the field you’d like to enter is one of the best ways to set yourself up for career success while you’re still in school. This shows initiative, your ability to win competitive positions, and gives you a bunch of professional experience in your field before you’ve even graduated. Make sure to pick one that is as challenging, prestigious, and productive as possible- not to mention one that is a good fit for you. Do a bit of research first, then make the absolute most of it. Do your best to dazzle your superiors and keep in touch. They could be great resources for recommendations in your first job applications.2. Pretend you’re already in your careerWhile you’re working your part-t ime jobs and internships in college, don’t just treat them like side work while you finish your degree. Treat them like your first- or fifth!- adult job in your field. Treat your undergraduate present like your career future and you’ll be setting yourself up very well to step into that future when the time comes.3. Reach out and create a networkIt is crucial to be proactive and show the kind of initiative recruiters look for in an applicant. Go above and beyond every chance you get. Seek out mentors at your internships and jobs and express your interest to maximize your potential- and your resume. Set goals for yourself and keep yourself honest so you make sure to meet them- and keep meeting them.4. Get promotedThere are always opportunities for advancement and promotion. Seek these out early and often. Set up job alerts. Try working for larger companies that have multiple avenues to jobs higher up the ladder. Don’t get complacent in any one position. If you let everyone know you’re hungry, eager to keep learning and advancing, and you can prove your mettle, eventually your bosses and coworkers will know to think of you first when opportunities arise.

Discourse Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discourse Analysis - Essay Example Critical discourse analysis has been widely used in educational research. On most occasions by educators or teachers who are keen in understanding and addressing issues that have to deal with their professional practice and activities (Widdowson, 2007). Most people enter the field of education, because they are concerned with issues dealing with equality, power and justice. It is therefore not a surprise that critical discourse analysis is able to give an appealing approach for an educator to understand on how issues in education affect them. Furthermore, through discourse analysis, educators have the capability of linking the details of an everyday practice, to a wide political and social (Schiffrin, Tannen and Hamilton, 2001). Discourse analysis would help in solving a research problem in education, mostly because it provides a basis in which a researcher understands some problems in research question, that are difficult for them to understand. Take for example, a research in higher education administration that seeks to analyze the effects of reduced government spending. The discourses under consideration would be funded research, constrained budget, and academic standards (Widdowson, 2007). By carefully analyzing these discourses, the researcher would get the ability of understanding an approach to use in answering the research